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Hamilton's Exploring Psychology Exam 1--Chapter 1
MBI--Dr. Hamilton--Exploring Psychology--Exam 1--10/6/11
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2011

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Term
Wilhem Wundt
Definition
philosopher and psychologist. He formed the first psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig where he was a professor.
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
developed and influential theory of personality; an Austrian physician. Presented many ideas which are viewed as very controversial.
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
pioneered the study of learning; a Russian physiologist.
Term
Jean Piaget
Definition
the last century’s most influential observer of children; Swiss biologist.
Term
William James
Definition
American philosopher. Authored and important 1890 textbook; wrote like a novelist. His brother Henry, who was a novelist, wrote like a psychologist.
Term
Mary Calkins
Definition
first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association.
Term
Margaret Floy Washburn
Definition
first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D
Term
Psychology developed from...
Definition
the more established fields of Biology and Philosophy.
Term
Introspection--(Until the 1920s)
Definition
psychology was defined as “the science of mental life.” Proponents: Wundt and James.

Freud focused on the way emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious though processes affect our behavior.
Term
Behaviorism (1920 - 1960)
Definition
psychology was redefined as “the scientific study of observable behavior.” Proponents: American psychologists John B. Watson & B.F. Skinner.
Term
Behaviorism, definition
Definition
the veiw that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2).
Term
Humanistic Psych.
Definition
focused on current environmental influences on our growth potential and the importance of our needs for love and acceptance being satisfied. Proponents: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Term
Humanistic Psychology, definition
Definition
historically significant perspective on the growth potential of healthy people & the individual’s potential for personal growth.
Term
Cognitive, (1960s - now)
Definition
initial interest in mental processes recaptured. Cognitive neuroscience of today is a result.
Term
Cognitive Neuroscience
Definition
he interdisciplinary study of the brain activity lined with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Term
Current Definition of Psychology:
Definition
the science of behavior and mental processes.
behavior--anything an organism does
mental--interior subjective experiences
Term
Nature-Nurture Issue
Definition
(aka Hereditary-Environment Issue)--the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience to the development of our traits and behaviors. In other words: Do our traits develop through out experiences or are we born with them. It is psychology’s biggest and most persistent issue.
Term
Levels of Analysis
Definition
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
Term
Biopsychosocial Approach
Definition
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
Term
Biological Influences
Definition
Natural selection of adaptive traits
Genetic predispositions responding to environment
Brain mechanisms
Hormonal Influences
Term
Psychological Influences
Definition
Learned fears and other learned expectations
Emotional Responses
Cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
Term
Social-cultural Influences
Definition
Presence of others
Cultural, societal, and family expectations
Peer and other group influences
Compelling models (such as media)
Term
Basic Research
Definition
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base (e.g. biological, developmental, cognitive, or social psychologists)
Term
Applied Research
Definition
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. (e.g. industrial-organizational psychologists)
Term
Counseling Psychology-
Definition
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
Term
Clinical Psychology
Definition
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Term
Psychiatry
Definition
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. It is the tendency to believe, after learning and outcome, that we would have foreseen it.
Term
udgemental Overconfidence and Hindsight Bias ...
Definition
often lead us to overestimate our intuition.
Term
Scientific inquiry in psychology ...
Definition
is characterized by curious skepticism and humility.
Term
Critical Thinking-
Definition
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Term
Culture
Definition
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Term
SQ3R
Definition
Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review. A psychologically proven study method that gives these five steps.
Term
Theory
Definition
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Term
Hypotheses
Definition
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Term
Operational definitions-
Definition
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures.” Scientists use to report their research.
Term
Scientific Method Cycle:
Definition
Theories ---> lead to ---> hypotheses ---> lead to ---> Research and observations ---> which confirm, reject, or revise ---> Theories.
Term
Replication
Definition
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
Term
Research Methods
Definition
Description, Correlational, & Experimenta
Term
Description of Behavior
Definition
Case Study, Survey, Naturalistic Observation
Term
Case Study
Definition
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. (Note: though these can produce fruitful ideas, to discover general truths that cover these individual cases, we must answer questions with other research methods.
Term
Survey
Definition
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. (Note: Before accepting survey findings, think critically. Consider the sample. You cannot compensate for an unrepresentative sample by simply adding more people.)
Term
Population
Definition
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)
Term
Random Sample
Definition
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Like case studies and surveys, it does not explain behavior, just describes it
Term
Correlation
Definition
the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Term
Correlation Coefficient
Definition
the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1. Shows the extent to which to things relate.
Positive correlation-- (between 0 and +1.00) indicates a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together and decrease together.
Negative correlation-- (between 0 and -1.00) indicates an inverse relationship: as one thing increases, the other decreases.
Term
Illusory Correlation
Definition
the perception of a relationship where none exists. Like many superstitions.
Term
Correlation and Causation
Definition
Correlation points us towards predictions, but usually imperfect ones. Just because it indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, correlation does not prove causation
Term
Experiment
Definition
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
-the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
he outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Term
Random assignment
Definition
assigning participants to expirimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.
Term
Experimental Group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Term
Control Group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is not exposted to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Term
Double-blind Procedure
Definition
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug studies.
Term
Placebo
Definition
an inert substance or condition given in place of the active substance or condition without the recipient’s knowledge.
Term
Placebo Effect
Definition
expirimental results cause by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
Term
An experiment creates ...
Definition
theoretical principles; and it is those principles--not the specific findings--that help explain everyday behaviors.
Term
Random Psych Facts
Definition
Psychology is concerned for humans and sensitive to animals. In spite of experiments done on some animals, it benefits the welfare of both animals and humans.
Psychology is NOT value-free.
Attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, but the underlying principles of psychology remain mostly the same, because of our human kinship. Even between genders there are more similarities than differences.
Researches may temporarily stress or decieve people in order to experiment. But there are ethical standards that are maintained
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