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study of place/space
answers where/why |
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| realms/regions based on spatial criteria |
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| largest geographic unit as a result between physical/human environments based on natural/cultural criteria |
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| things like farms, mines, etc. |
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| places with substantial human presence |
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| places without sharp division lines where criteria changes gradually rather than sharply |
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| areas marked by certain properties based on own human/physical criteria |
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| marked by certain degree of homogeneity |
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marked by dynamic internal structure
spatial system around a core |
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means "country behind"
surrounding area served by urban center |
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| focus of goods/services produced in hinterlands |
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| made around 1562 with lots of artistic things |
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| carefully designed instrument for recording, calculating, displaying, and understanding the interrelation of things |
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latitude/longitude
x/y coordinates |
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characteristics, qualities, magnitudes, names, data
can be shown as dots, lines, filled areas, volumes |
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| Things Derived from Attributes |
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| distance, area, direction ,adjacency, patterns, networks, interactions |
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P marked water wells
each dot represent residence of person who died from cholera |
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omit details, simplify reality, smaller than region portrayed
level of detail depends on purpose |
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| Geometric Transformations and Distortions |
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involved in all maps
map projections, transferring globe to flat plain
distorted in area, shape, distance, angles |
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large scale - shows small area (1/50k)
small scale - shows large area (1/2mil)
types: graphic, verbal, fraction |
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portray spatial arrangements of selection of diverse phenomena
eg: topographic maps, atlases |
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concentrate on spatial variations
form of a single phenomena or relationships among several
eg: population, diversity, political |
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| only as good as provided info |
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includes study of natural landscapes
physical base of location, mountains, rivers, plains, valleys, coast, etc. |
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| all continents have plains and plateaus and all except Africa are divided by mountain ranges |
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explains distribution of major mountain ranges
land masses float on crust (tectonic plates)
plates move slowly and direction varies |
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| Plate Movement (Spreading) |
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Definition
plates move apart
most common on ocean floor
new crust forms in ridges
eg: mid atlantic ridge |
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| Plate Movement (Subduction) |
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Definition
plates move together
denser rocks go underneath
crust melts/rises
creates mountain ranges and volcano chains
eg: pacific northwest |
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| plate movement triggering earthquakes and heavy volcanic activity |
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has major impact on society/landscape
continually changing
looks primary and temperature and precipitation over time |
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last one ~18,000 years ago
ice sheets, lower temps, lower sea levels |
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amount of precipitation in a year
locales along equator have a lot |
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| classes which climates around world are based on |
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tropical
year round high temps
heavy precipitation |
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in both north/south latitudes
BW - true desert (extreme daily temps and >4" rain)
BS - semiarid (about 10" rain)
poor soils |
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frequently in mid-latitudes
consistent temps
coastal areas more moderate
fertile soils |
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continental effect
only in norther hemisphere
low precipitation
excellent soils b/c of dormancy |
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tundra
only a few months below freezing |
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topographic extremes
eg: mountains |
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wide-ranging and comprehensive field that studies spatial aspects of cultures
components: cultural landscapes, hearths, regions
not mutually exclusive |
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human imprints of earth's surface
"The form superimposed on the physical landscape by activities of man." |
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| early source areas where new ideas, innovations, and ideologies formed and radiated out |
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subfield in human branch of geography
interaction of geographical area and political process |
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| a group of people with shared cultural traits and customs |
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| politically organized, sovereign gov't, internally recognized, permanent population, organized economy, internal circulation |
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| country whose population possesses substantial degree of homogeneity and unity |
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| nation of people with no politically defined state |
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4 major clusters: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Northeastern USA
90% of population live north of equator
80% of landmass in northern hemisphere
90% of population lives on 20% of land |
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Definition
core areas of development
peripheries of poverty and underdevelopment
categorized by political boundary
cores and peripheries have strong regional disparities
average standard of living masks wealthy core and very poor |
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| Major Geographic Qualities of Europe |
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Definition
western extremity of Eurasia
lingering world influences
high degree of specialization
manufacturing infrastructure
37 nation-states
urbanized population
high standards of living |
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| Physical Landscapes of Europe |
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Definition
alpine system
western uplands
central uplands
north european lowlands |
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| Relative Location of Europe |
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Definition
heart of land hemisphere
every part close to sea w/ navigable waterways
moderate distances in between |
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| movement across geographic space involving contact of people in 2+ places for purpose of exchanging goods/ideas |
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| Complementarity Spatial Interaction |
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| two places, through an exchange of goods, can satisfy each others' demands |
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| Transferability Spatial Interactoin |
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ease with with a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
rivers, mountain passes, road networks improve it |
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began in Europe in 1750s based on new agricultural innovations
enabled increased food production/sustained population increase |
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| Von Thunen's Isolated State |
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classic model in geography made in 1826 explaining economic patterns in developing Europe
land is a function of transportation costs
foundation for modern location theory |
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develop in UK between 1750-1850
evolved from technical innovations in UK industry
produced distinct spatial pattern in Europe |
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| governed by some kind of administrative organization |
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a country's disproportionately largest city which is expressive of national culture
eg: London, Paris |
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falling share of world's population
births at all time low
fewer young people
smaller working age population |
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venture involving 3 or more states
political, economic, and cultural cooperation to promote shared goals
problems: loss of autonomy, disparities in level of economic development, technical barriers, cultural barriers |
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| transfer of power from central to local governments |
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| strongest economic state in Europe |
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relatively flat, coastally oriented
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
highly specialized |
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Switzerland, Austria
highly specialized |
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| United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Ireland |
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Lithuania: lost independence 1940, regained in 1941
Latvia: similar to Lithuania, constitute bare majority in own country, Kaliningrad (Russian Enclave) |
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| states asociated with ocean |
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discontinuous region
cultural continuity dates from Greco-Roman times
Mediterranean Climate - hot, dry summers, warm, cool, moist winters |
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most populated Mediterranean state
most economically advanced
sharp North/South contrast at Ancona Line (symbolic division of north/south)
Milan - largest city with manufacturing and financial center |
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independent entity
enclave within Rome |
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forces dividing countries
eg: religions, linguistic, ethnic, ideological |
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forces that unite and bind a country
eg: strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, common faith |
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| policy of cultural extension and political expansion aimed at a national group living in a neighboring country |
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| forcible ouster of entire populations from their homelands by stronger powers bent on taking their territories |
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divide into smaller mutually hostile states or groups
initially applied to Balkan Peninsula then turned into verb |
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| Former Yugoslavian States |
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Slovenia - first to secede, ethnically homogeneous
Croatia - 85% Croat
Bosnia - landlocked and central position
Serbia - largest and most poplous
Kosovo - declared independence Feb 2008
Montenegro - peacefully split from Serbia Jun 2006
Macedonia - broke from Yugoslavia 1991
Albania - 70% muslims, 2nd lowest econ rating
Poland - classic nation state
Czech Republic - region's most westernized
Slovakia - less developed, more rural
Hungary - nation-state |
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