Term
|
Definition
| The heart is encased in a fibrous sac called |
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Term
|
Definition
| The right pump provides circulation to what system? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The left pump provides circulation to what system? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What recieves blood from the venous system? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What pumps blood into the arterial system? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outer connective tissue layer of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick muscular layer of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| The innermost lining layer tha runs throughout the vascular system |
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Term
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Definition
| The innermost lining layer tha runs throughout the vascular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| What ensures coordinated flow of blood through the heart? |
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Term
| Atrio-ventricular (AV valves) |
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Definition
| Situated between the atria and ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
| In between the left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
| Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) |
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Definition
| In between the right atrium and right ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attaches ot the AV valve leaflets to prevent eversion of the valve flaps. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What anchores the chordea tendineae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Located at the origin of the aorta as it leaves the left ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Located at the origin of the pulmonary artery as it leaves the right ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Seen in systemic circulation where various organs are supplied blood flow individually |
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Term
1.) Each organ is delivered fully oxygenated blood.
2.) Blood flow to organs can be individually regulated based on need |
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Definition
| Advantages of Parallel blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| What initiate action potentials and establish heart rhythm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distribute action potentials throughout the heart |
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Term
| Sinoatrial Node (SA node) |
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Definition
| In right atrium, fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization so it determines normal heart rate (100/min) |
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Term
| Atrioventricular Node (AV node) |
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Definition
| In interatrial septum, Only point of electrical connection between atria and ventricles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? AV node conducts slowly, so the atria is allowed to empty before ventricle contracts |
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of conduction fibers that excites the AV node. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Terminal fibers that extend from the bundle of his which spread throughout the ventricular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Localized areas of the heart where gap junctions and desmosomes are concentrated |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? A pacemaker potential is an action potenial that requires no outside stimulus. |
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Term
-"funny" Na channes open
-Voltage-gated T-type Ca open (threshold)
-Voltage-gated L-type Ca open (depolariztion)
-K channels open (repolarization) |
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Definition
| Explain the pacemaker potential (diagram) |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? contractile cells will differ in the shape and speed of propagation with reguard to action potentials. |
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Term
| Opening of Voltage-gated Na channels |
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Definition
| In contractile cells, what initiates depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? During repolarization of contractile cells, K permeability decreases while Ca increases. Leads to Plateau! |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period of ventricular contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
Period of ventricular relaxation
(lasts longer) |
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|
Term
-Associated events with the closure of AV valves
-Heard at onset of phase 2 |
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Definition
| What causes the first heart sound |
|
|
Term
-Associated events with the closure of semilunar valves
-Heard at onset of phase 4 |
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Definition
| What causes the second heart sound |
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Term
|
Definition
| The peak pressure in tha aorta that happens with the opening of the aortic valve is called |
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Term
|
Definition
| The minimum pressure that the aorta will experience is called |
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Term
|
Definition
| With closure of aortic valve, the small rise in aortic pressure is called |
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Term
| End diastolic volume (EDV) |
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Definition
| Volume of blood present at end of diastole. Represents the maximum ventriular volume of blood during cardiac cycle. |
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Term
| Amount of blood returning to the heart (venous return) |
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Definition
| End diastolic volume (EDV) is determined by what? |
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Term
| End systolic volume (ESV) |
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Definition
| Volume of blood present at end of systole. Represents the minimum ventricular volume. |
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Term
| Changes in the strength of ventricular contraction. (stonger=small ESV) |
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Definition
| How can end systolic volume (ESV) can be changed? |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? The stronger the contraction the smaller the ESV |
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat |
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Term
|
Definition
| How can Stroke volume be changed? |
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|
Term
-Increase venous return (EDV)
-Increase contractility by sympathetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| How can you increase Stroke Volume? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fraction of EDV ejected per heartbeat. |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Ejection fraction (EF) is a reflection of strength of ventricular contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Contractility reflects an increased force of contraction for the SAME EDV |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measures the currents generated in the extracellular fluid by changes occuring in cardiac cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| In an EKG, this corresponds to atrial depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| In an EKG, this corresponds to ventricular depolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
| In an EKG, this corresponds to ventricular repolarization |
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|
Term
-Via Vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
-innervates SA and AV nodes
-Rate of contraction (SLOWS heart rate)
-Has effects on muscarinic receptors |
|
Definition
| In what ways does the parasympathetic innervate the heart? |
|
|
Term
-Beta1 receptors
-Increase discharge of SA node, thus increasing heart rate |
|
Definition
| In what ways does the sympathetic innervate the SA node? |
|
|
Term
-Beta1 receptors
-Increases rate of depolarization, thus increasing heart rate |
|
Definition
| In what ways does the sympathetic innervate the AV node? |
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|
Term
-Beta1 receptors
-Increases force of contraction (contractility) |
|
Definition
| In what ways does the sympathetic innervate the ventricular muscle? |
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|
Term
-Activates cAMP second messenger system
-Enhances opening of funny channels and T-type Ca channels |
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Definition
| As epinephrine binds to Beta1 receptors on the SA node, what happens? |
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|
Term
-Inhibits opening of funny channels and T-type Ca channels
-Enhances opening of K channels |
|
Definition
| What happens when ACH binds to muscarinic receptors on the SA node? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the SA nodes rate and average resting rate? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute |
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|
Term
-Increase sympathetic stimulation
-Decrease parasympathetic stimulation |
|
Definition
| Cardiac output can be increased two ways. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac output = Stroke Volume x Heart rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rate at which blood flow into the heart from the veins changes and the heart will automatically adjust its outuput to match the inflow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase in EDV results in an increased force of ventricular contraction. That makes a higher stroke volume and therefore cardiac output |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Stretching of cardiac muscle causes an increase in troponin's affinity to for Ca = more cross bridges. |
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Term
| Preload- Amount of blood in the ventricle at end of diastole. |
|
Definition
| End diastolic Volume (EDV) can also be referred to as what? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the primary determinate of EDV |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Rapid heart rate will reduce time in diastole and thereby reducing filling time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of pressure the ventricles must pump against. |
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Term
| Optimizing the myocardial muscle fiber length resulting in a more vigorous contraction. [Frank-Starling Law] |
|
Definition
| What intrinsic changes can be made to stroke volume? |
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Term
| Sympathetic stimulation increases contractility. |
|
Definition
| What extrinsic changes can be made to stroke volume? |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Both intrinsic(frank-starling) and extrinsic(sympathetic) mechanisms can cause an additive increase in stroke volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Reducing the parasympathetic stimulation on the heart will cause an increase in heart rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| How is oxygen delivered to the myocardium? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue damage resulting when there is inadequate oxygen demands |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart.(smooth muscle & elastic-recoil) |
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|
Term
| Arteries - Elastic recoil play a key role in maintaining the driving pressure of blood to tissues. |
|
Definition
| What are the pressure resevoirs and why? |
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Term
|
Definition
| small branches of arterial system thats made up of large amounts of single unit smooth muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sympathetic stimulation on what receptors will cause arterial smooth muscle vasoconstriction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Vasoconstriction increases resistance therefore reduces blood flow. |
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Term
| Metarterioles and precapillary sphincters |
|
Definition
| What regulates flow through capillary beds? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Site of exchange of nutrients and waste. Due to large numbers, they account for a huge cross sectional area. (Endothelial) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Serve to carry blood back to the heart as well as function as a volume reservoir |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Veins have alpha receptors that can be stimulated by the sympathetic system which cause contraction of smooth muscle (Same as arterioles) |
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|
Term
| Central Venous Pressure (CVP) |
|
Definition
| The pressure within the large veins just outside of the heart is called |
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|
Term
| Central venous pressure is the pressure which will drive movement of blood into the ventricle |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Describes the volume of blood which returns to the right atrium |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? As venous return increases, then central venous pressure (CVP) also increases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uses contraction of skeletal muscleto squeeze veins in one-way valves towards heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inspiration causes drop in pressure in the thoracic cavity which in turn causes blood flow to heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Increase blood volume will increase CVP which results in increased venous return |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Increase blood volume iwll increase CVP which results in increased venous return |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receptors in veins that respond to sympathetic stimulation causing vasoconstriction |
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|
Term
-Skeletal muscle pump
-Respiratory pump
-Blood volume
-Vasomotor tone(alpha receptors) |
|
Definition
| 4 factors that play a role in venous return |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Local control factors are most important in determining relative blood flow to tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| The mechanism of local blood flow regulation to tissue based on metabolic need |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Autoregulation) Stretching of smooth muscle clels in small arterioles results in increased spontaneous depolarization =vasoconstriction |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Autoregulation) Presence or absence of metabolic by-products will have an effect on local tissue blood flow. (Maintain homeostasis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term that describes an increase in metabolic activity that leads to vasodilation of arterioles supplying the tissue and vice versa |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term that describes the ability of the body to deal with situations where blood flow is temporarily obstructed or reduced. (build up of wastes) |
|
|
Term
Histamine: vasodialation from response
Adenosin: Vasodilator from cells
Nitrous Oxide: vasodilation
Prostaglandins: Vasodialatin |
|
Definition
| Locally secreted tissue factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term describes when nervous or hormonal influences may be involved in regulating blood flow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What binds to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle resulting in vasoconstriction. |
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|
Term
| Baseline level of sympathetic stimulaion (nor-epinephrine) |
|
Definition
| What causes the level of resting vasoconstriction (Vascular Tone) |
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|
Term
| Prevent cardiovascular collapse by shitfting blood flow to non-crucial organs (skin, liver, GI...) |
|
Definition
| The major role of sympathetic system in relation to circulation? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds to Beta2 receptors on vasuclar smooth muscle resulting in vasodialation. (cardiac and skeletal muscles!) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Activated in response to low blood pressure, regulates secretion of Aldosterone. Increases plasma volume. |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Blood flow to the myocardium is primarily self regulated via local release of substances (adenosine, nitric oxide..) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Act as "on/off" valves regulating flow thruogh capillary beds |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of capillary that contains large pores through which proteins can pass. Found in kidney, liver, intestine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When water moves across the capillary cell wall in response to a pressure gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forces invlolved in determining bulk flow is reffered to as |
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|
Term
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure created by fluid in capillary. This force favors filtration (OUT OF Capillary) |
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|
Term
| Interstitial hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid. (Assumed to be ZERO) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Created by proteins which remain in capillary (albumin). This tends to favor reabsoption (INTO capillary) |
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|
Term
-Capillary hydrostatic pressure
-Interstitial osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
| Which Starling's forces favor filtration |
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|
Term
-Plasma osmotic pressure
-Interstitial hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| Which Starling's forces favor reabsorption |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Only capillary hydrostatic pressure changes along length of capillary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The excess filtered (going out of capillary) is returned to cirulation by |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Vasodilation increases capillary hydrostatic presure (Filtration) |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Vasoconstriction decreases capillary hydrostatic presure (Increase absorption) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Presence of excess fulid in the interstitial space |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Lymphatic veins enter into the thoracic duct which enters the jugular vein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Lymphatic veins enter into the thoracic duct which enters the jugular vein |
|
|
Term
mean arterial pressure=
------------------------------------
Storke volume X heart rate X total peripheral resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mean arterial pressure is constantly monitored by |
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|
Term
| Aortic Arch and Carotid sinus |
|
Definition
| Where are barorecptors located |
|
|
Term
| Changes in STRECH of vessels which are related to change in pressure |
|
Definition
| Barorecptors respond to what? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cardiovascular control center for baroreceptorsis located where |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasopressin and Angiotension II both will increase MAP |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| "Long" term control of blood pressure is accomplished by regulating plasma volume (Kidney) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant protein, accounts for plasma osmotic pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| plasma minus clotting proteins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Erythrocytes (RBC) contain hemoglobin and Carbonic Anhydrase |
|
|
Term
| Carry O2 and CO2. Heme group binds to oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Role of carbonic anhydrase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Production of erythrocytes that occurs in the bone marrow |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This cytokine produced in the kidney stimulates erythropoesis from hematopoietic stem cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Erythropoietin (kidney) is secreted in response to low oxygen levels in blood |
|
|
Term
| pernicious anemia (larger RBC but fewer) |
|
Definition
| Insufficient B12 results in a condition called |
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Term
|
Definition
| Iron is carried in the blood by |
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Term
|
Definition
| They're function is to defend the body against invading micoorganisms. Nucleated |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Majority of WBCs, able to perform phagocytosis. Increased during early phase of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important against parasites and allergic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Play major role in immune system (B and T cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fragments broken off from megakayocytes. Important in hemostasis |
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Term
|
Definition
Processes involved in stopping hemorrhage (bleeding)
------------------------------------
-Vascular spasm
-Platelet plug
-Thrombus formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduction of blood loss by reducing blood flw to injured area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phase where binding of platlets to vWf changes its membrane to make them sticky and cause them to relase chemicals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Platlets release ADP which encourages platelet aggregation. ADP also stimulates thromboxane A2 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Healthy endothelial cells convert arachoidonic acid to what. (It inhibits platelet aggregation) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Vital in weaving together with the platelet plug. Formed from fibinogen |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for the coagulation cascade eventually activate what |
|
|
Term
| Thrombin from prothrombin |
|
Definition
| Factor Xa leads to the activation of ________ from _________ |
|
|
Term
-Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
-Activates factor XIIIa
-Postive feedback X-->Xa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Converts loose fibrin to stabilized meshwork |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vitamin K inhibitor that interferes with normal clotting. (rat poison) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acts as anticoagulant by inhibiting Thromboxane A2 formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Thrombin activates Plasmin in order to breakdown stabilzed fibrin into fibrin fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Why is the conducting zone referred to as "dead space" |
|
|
Term
-Single layer
-Help form Respiratory membrane |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Type I alveolar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete pulmonary surfactant |
|
|
Term
| Diaphram and External intercostals |
|
Definition
| Primary muscles responsible for breathing (inspiration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of pleural sac which is directly attached to the lung tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pleura which is closest to the chest wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space between viseral and parietal pleura where Intrapleural fluid is located. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Intrapleural fluid "holds" the visceral and parietal pleura together. (move as single unit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Flow of air in and out of lungs is driven by pressure gradients. (High to Low) |
|
|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) |
|
Definition
| Pressure of air inside the alveoli |
|
|
Term
Ptm=Palv --->Rest
-------------------------------------
Patm > Palv --->air moves into lungs
-------------------------------------
Patm < Palv --->air moves out of lungs |
|
Definition
| Three relationships between Palv and Patm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Under normal conditions Intra-pleura Pressure (Pip) is negative |
|
|
Term
Inspiration- As chest expands Pip become more negative (-)
----------------------------------
Expiration_ As chest recoils Pip becomes less negative (more +) |
|
Definition
| Explain magnitude of Pip during ventilation |
|
|
Term
| Transpulmonary Pressure (Ptp) |
|
Definition
| The difference between Palv and Pip pressures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? As chest expands(inspiration), Ptp increases because Pip is more negative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? Expansion of thoracic activity is initiated by stimulation of inspiratory muscles |
|
|
Term
| Air flows into the alveoli |
|
Definition
| What happens when Palv < Patm |
|
|
Term
| Recoil of inspiratory muscles to resting position |
|
Definition
| What causes "passive" breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T or F? With a decrease in lung volume Palv pressure increases. (alveoli become smaller) |
|
|
Term
| Air flows out of lungs until Palv=Patm (resting) |
|
Definition
| What happens when Palv > Patm |
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|
