Term
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
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Definition
| Fluid of the liquid located within all cells. 2/3 of total body water |
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Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
Fluid outside of cells. 1/3 of total water.
1.)Interstitial Fluid
2.)Plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| 80% of ECF. Fluid present in spaces between cells. |
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Definition
| 20% of ECF. Fluid portion of the blood. In blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of extracellular fluid. Where our cells live. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process involved in maintaining our internal environment (extracellular fluid). |
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Term
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Definition
| specific variable which is being monitored (pH, temp...) |
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Term
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Definition
| Target value at which we desire to keep the regulated variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| These monitor the variable (receptors) |
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Term
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Definition
| Route by which sensory information is transmitted to the integrating center. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the actual value as measured by sensors and the desired set point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives information from the senors and compares it to set point. Starts changes to get back to set point if not already. |
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Term
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Definition
| Route by which information from the integrating center is sent out to the effectors. |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms which can be called upon to bring about change in the variable monitored. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phospholipid bi-layer. Encloses intracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid located within the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular fluid that is outside the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm outside the organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Make up cell membrane. Amphipathic- polar and nonpolar ends. |
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Term
| Integral Membrane protiens |
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Definition
| Amphipathic. They integrate within membrane for transport |
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Term
| Peripheral Membrane proteins |
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Definition
| Polar molecules that stay on the outside. Most are in cytosolic surface (inside) |
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Term
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Definition
| Serve to anchor cells together (localized). |
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Term
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Definition
| Surround cell. Prevent uncontrolled movement of Hydrophillic substances between cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised of small channels made up of subunits called connexons which connect the cytosol of adjacent cells. Important in electrical impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subunit of Gap juctions that connect the cytosol of adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate a substance is transported across a membrane per unit time. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ultimate driving force determining the movement of molecules across cell membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
Random movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.
1.)Magnitude of gradient
2.)Permeability
3.)Surface area |
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Term
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Definition
Passive movement of molecules across membranes utilizing carrier molecules.
Rate limited by number of carriers/concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| Any molecule that is bound to a protein surface with a non-covalent bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of a protein binding site to bind a specific ligand. Related to shape of binding site. |
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Term
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Definition
| The strength of attraction between a ligand and protein. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the fraction of total binding sites that are occupied at any given time.
1.)Concentration of unbound ligand
2.)Affinity |
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Term
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Definition
DIRECTLY uses ATP as energy to transport.
called ATPases or "pumps" |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports 2 Na molecules out of the cell while bringing 2 K molecules into the cell. |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| As one substance moves down gradient energy is released, This is used to transfer another substance down its gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd active transport. When the movement of molecules are in the same direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd active transport. When movement of molecules is in opposite directions. |
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Term
-Number of Carriers present
-percent saturation of the carriers
-speed with which the pumps can transport substances |
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Definition
| Rate of transport achieve by active transport is dependent on what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligand that binds a protein at a secondary binding site that results in a change in shape of the primary site. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ligands that bind the regulatory site |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that mediate the removal of a phosphate group from a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mediates phosphorylation (adds phosphate) |
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Term
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Definition
| When a charged group (PO4) is covalently bonded to a protein side chain. Net negative charge changes protein conformation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Total solute particle concentration.. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solutions with same osmolarity |
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Term
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Definition
| solution with higher osmolarity than plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution with lower osmolarity then plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of a solution to cause osmosis. High solute concentration (hyper-osmotic)=High osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Effect a solution has on cell volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes shrinkage in cell volume |
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Term
| Concentration of non-penetrating solutes |
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Definition
| Tonicity is determined by only... |
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Term
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Definition
| The single most important ino determining the osmolarity/tonicity of our intra and extracellular fluid? |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentration of non-penetrating solutes within our cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution contains >300 mOsm. What its tonicity? |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution contains <300 mOsm. What its tonicity? |
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Term
| Having the appropriate receptor for the chemical messenger |
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Definition
| A target's cell response is ultimately dependent on what? |
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Term
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Definition
| messengers that bind to receptors located on the same cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| messengers that bind to receptors located on a nearby target cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Juction between a neuron and its target cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by endocrine cells, they are carried through the bloodstream to target cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| messengers that may act like paracrine, autocrine, or hormones? |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? All amino acid messengers are neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
Amine messenger derived from Tyrosine
dopamine->norepinephrine->epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Amine messengers that are lipophillic |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Most hormones are peptide/protien hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Messengers that are synthesized from cholesterol. Lipophillic nature enables it to diffuse through membranes. NOT stored |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed from Arachidonic acid via cyclooxygenase pathway (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes). OR Lipoxygenase pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Lipophilic messengers do not dissolve in plasma so are transported bound by a carrier molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Most bound lipophilic messengers are bound to carrier molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Only free messengers are active |
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Term
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Definition
| The conversion of a messenger-receptor interaction into a cellular response |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Lipophilic messengers utilize intracellular receptors |
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Term
| Hormone Response element (HRE) |
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Definition
| What region of DNA do lipophillic messengers bind to. |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Lipophilic messengers take longer for the desired effects than hydrophillic messengers |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Hydrophillic messengers utilize membrane bound receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmembrane receptors tha function both as a receptor/enzyme. Most are tyrosine kinases. (insulin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmembrane protiens that may act as ion channels. The messenger binding causes an allosteric change in conformation. |
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Term
| G Protein linked receptors |
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Definition
| Transmembrane receptors associated with G-protein complex |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 subunits of the G-protein complex |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? In active state, the alpha subuint of the G-protein complex will travel and interact with the target protein |
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Term
| "Slow" channels= Metabotropic |
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Definition
| Channel proteins activated by the alpha subunit are called? |
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Term
| "Fast" channels= Ionotropic |
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Definition
| Channel proteins activated by the hydrophillic messenger are called? |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that enter or are generated in the cytoplasm as a result of receptor actiavation by the first messenger. (chemical relay) |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins by transferring a phosphate group from ATP. |
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Term
Adenylate cylase-->form cAMP
Guanylate cylase-->form cGMP
Phospholipase C--->form DAG
-->form IP3 |
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Definition
| The three amplifier enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Secondary messanger IP3 binds to channels on the smooth ER to release Ca. |
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Term
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Definition
| IP3 will bind to the smooth ER, relasing Ca into the cytosol. What does it bind to in orderto activate a protein kinase? |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme which converts membrane phospholipids to Arachidonic acid |
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Term
1.) lipoxygenase
2.) cyclooxygenase |
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Definition
| Arachidonic acid can be further processed by which enzymes? |
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Term
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Definition
| The lipoxygenase pathway results in the formation of what? (mediates allergic reactions) |
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Term
1.)Prostaglandins
2.)Thromboxanes |
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Definition
| The cyclooxygenase pathway results in the formation of what? |
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Term
| Inflammation, pain, and fever. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Formation of thromboxanes |
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Definition
| COX1 enzyme is responsible for what? |
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Term
| Formation of prostaglandins |
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Definition
| COX2 enzyme is responsible for what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Greatest Extracellular concentration in membrane potentials? |
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Term
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Definition
| Greatest Intracellular concentration in membrane potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient between Na and K ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term that describes the membrane potential (electrical force) that exactly opposes the concentration gradient (chemical force). [SINGLE ION] |
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Term
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Definition
| What exactly creates the resting membrane potential? |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Chemical gradient favors movement of K out of the cell, while the electrical gradient favors movement into cell. |
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Term
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Definition
1)Proportional in size
2)Decremental
3)Summation
4)Excitatory/Inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
| When stimuli occur in rapid succession and effects are added. |
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Term
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Definition
| When stimuli occurring in the same location at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potentials that result from an increase in Na permeability which makes it more positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potentials that result from an increase in K or Cl permeability which makes it more negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? A graded potential may result in the generation of an Action Potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Only VOLTAGE gated Na channels can produce Action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage gated Na channels are an example of what kind of feedback? |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum stimulus required to depolarize(more +) the cell is called what? |
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Term
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Definition
| During Action potentials, which gates open in response to depolarization? |
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Term
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Definition
| During Action potentials, which gates close about 1 msec after depolarization? |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Voltage gated K channels open with depolarization but are much slower. |
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Term
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Definition
| State when the cell becomes more negative due to the excess of K leaving the cell. (K gates are slow to close). |
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Term
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Definition
1)Always excitatory
2)All or none
3)Refractory period |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced excitability during an action potential. Ensures no summation and one-way transmission of signals. |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| Period when Na channels are already open or inactivation gate is closed. (Depolarization and most of repolarization phase) |
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Term
| Relative refractory period |
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Definition
| Period due to increased permeability of K that continues into hyperpolarization. Action potential is still possible with stronger stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? In unmyelinated nerves, the larger the diameter of the nerve=less resistance. The action potential will travel faster. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used for the action potentials that travel using myelinated surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Axon terminals have an abundance of voltage-gated Ca channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? The amount of neurotransmitter released is related to the frequency of action potentials. |
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Term
1)Diffuse away
2)Broken down by enzymes
3)Active re-uptake by presynaptic neuron |
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Definition
| 3 ways in which neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft: |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Opening BOTH Na and K channels will cause a depolarization due to more Na will enter cell. |
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Term
1)Open Na channels
2)Close K channels |
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Definition
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Term
1)Open K channels (K will move out)
2)Open Cl channels (Cl will move in)
More (-) inside |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Term that describes when a nerve must take into account the sum total of all synaptic events to determine end results. |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? Particular synapse will always release the same neurotransmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brings sensory information to CNS. Cell body is outside CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most abundant neuron (99% of neurons in the body) |
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Term
-Somatic Nervous System (voluntary motor control)
-Autonomic Nervous System (sympathetic, parasypathetic, enteric) |
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Definition
| Efferent Division of the nervous system includes: |
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Term
Somatic senses (touch,pain,temp)
Special senses (smell,taste,vision)
Visceral senses (internal organs) |
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Definition
| Afferent division of the nervous system consists of.. |
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Term
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system regulates what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Glial cells in the Peripheral nervous system. |
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Term
| create myelin for PNS. Single schwann cell has only one nerve, yet each nerve has several schwann cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes: each myelinates several different nerves |
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Definition
| Glial cells of the CNS that myelinate? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Phagocytosis of foreign or harmful materials |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue layers encasing the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| Watery fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? CSF surrounds the CNS as well as the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| CSF flows through the ventricular system and them absorbed into the venous system through what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which the flow of CSF is obstructed causing an accumulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F? the blood brain barrier is created by the presence of tight junctions. |
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Term
| hydrophillic substances into the CNS |
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Definition
| Blood brain barrier primarily restricts the movement of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| Only source of ATP to the CNS is from what? |
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