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GYN Female RN
SON 2012
121
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
04/04/2011

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What cells cover the vulva, vagina and ectocervic
Definition
squamous epithelium
Term
What lines the endocervix (the lining of the cervical canal), the endometrium (the inner layer of the uterus), and the epithelium that lines the Fallopian tubes
Definition
glandular tissues
Term
myometrium
Definition
the muscular wall of the uterus, a mesenchymal tissue
Term
T or F -The vulva has a high level of exposure to infections due to its function and location.
Definition
True
Term
T or F -- Vaginal cancer is relatively common
Definition
False--Any tumors that are seen are usually metastatic (from the cervix, ovary, or endometrium), rather than primary.
Term
transformation (also known as the T or transitional) zone
Definition
In between the outer cervix (squamous epithelial) and endocervical canal (mucous producing columnar epithelium). Most cancers and pre-cancers developed here. susceptible to HPV due to high epithelial turnover rate.
Term
Name 4 major inflammatory and infectious diseases in the female genital tract
Definition
A. Vaginitis
B. Gonorrhea
C. Genital herpes
D. Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Term
The most common problem of the vagina
Definition
Vaginitis (infection
Term
T or F--Lactobacillus vaginalis is an infectious disease that causes vaginitis
Definition
False- Lactobacillus vaginalis metabolizes the epithelial cells' glycogen to lactic acid, maintaining the normally acidic pH of the vagina. This acidic pH helps keep the growth of normal flora in the vagina in check and helps prevent infection by agents that are not usually present
Term
What causes vaginitis
Definition
Overgrowth of normal flora. vaginitis can be caused by a number of agents, including fungi (e.g., Candida albicans), bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis), or parasites (Trichomonas vaginalis).
Term
Vaginitis is characterized by...
Definition
itching and a purulent discharge
Term
Clue cells
Definition
Infection with Gardnerella is characterized by the presence of these and leads bacterial vaginitis
Term
common fungal infection of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina)
Definition
Candida albicans (yeast infection)
white patches may be observed
Term
common fungal infection of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina)
Definition
Candida albicans (yeast infection)
white patches may be observed
Not an STD, 10% of women has it.
Term
What Predisposes patient to yeast infection?
Definition
antibiotic therapy, diabetes, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives can also predispose
Term
What can be found in a smear for yeast infection?
Definition
hyphae (filaments) of Candida albicans
Term
Trichomonas vaginalis:
Definition
an ovoid (oval), single-celled parasite, with flagella., causes a purulent vaginal discharge
seen in 15% of women who come to STD clinics
Term
T or F- Gonorrhea is an STD caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and affects about 1.5 million people in the US per year
Definition
True
Term
N. gonorrhea can cause..... in adult and babies
Definition
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is usually caused by infections that ascend from the lower genital tract.
bacterium infects the baby’s eyes, causing conjunctivitis
Term
What can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and what is it's symptoms?
Definition
N. gonorrhoeae Neisseria, Chlamydia symptoms include pain, fever, nausea, and vaginal discharge. Abscesses in the Fallopian tubes and ovaries may develop. Long-term complications can be severe and include scarring, infertility, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.
Term
T or F--- Herpes is the highest STD incidence
Definition
False-- It is a STD second only to HPV in incidence.
HSV II is the most common herpes
Term
papules
Definition
the primary infection manifestation of herpes which then form painful ulcerations
Term
Characteristic cell changes caused by Herpes virus
Definition
formation of multinucleated giant cells with "ground-glass"-like viral inclusions
Term
It is very common STD, affecting 2 to 3% of the population between the ages of 15 and 40
Definition
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Term
How many subtypes does HPV have
Definition
There are 150 subtypes that differs with respect to where they prefer to establish an infection and to their oncogenic potential.
Term
What type of cells does HSV and HPV infect?
Definition
Squamous epithelial cells of the vulva, vagina, and cervix
Term
T or F -- HPV is an RNA virus
Definition
False. DNA virus
Term
T or F --Types 6 and 11 of HPV (among others) can infect the vulva, but they may also infect the cervix, resulting in benign lesions
Definition
True
Term
T or F --The vaccine Gardasil protects against subtypes 6, 11, 16, and 18, which collectively account for ~98% of disease.
Definition
True
Term
Three major diseases or complication of HPV
Definition
• Condyloma acuminatum (venereal warts):
• Cervical dysplasia:
• Cancer of the cervix:
Term
verrucous
Definition
HPV causes multiple, warty, cauliflower-like lession,
Condyloma acuminatum
Term
verrucous
Definition
HPV causes multiple, warty, cauliflower-like lession,
Condyloma acuminatum
Term
koilocytes or halo cell
Definition
Infected epithelial cells that are actively producing virus have a clear halo around the nucleus
Term
refer to a pre-malignant condition that may lead to cervical cancer
Definition
including cervical dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL)
Term
True or false --Nearly all cases of cervical dysplasia are caused by infection of epithelial cells in the transformation zone with HPV; therefore, cervical dysplasia is not considered a STD.
Definition
False. It is considered an STD
Term
cytologic atypia
Definition
Changes in a cervical dysplasia where the nuclei become larger, there is more mitotic activity, and there are more irregularly shaped cells
Term
cytologic atypia
Definition
Changes in a cervical dysplasia where the nuclei become larger, there is more mitotic activity, and there are more irregularly shaped cells
Term
T or F -- Cervical dysplasia is not a malignancy of the cervix
Definition
True
Term
T or F -- Cervical dysplasia is not a malignancy of the cervix
Definition
True
Term
type of of HPV that cause mild dysplasia that seldom progresses to malignancy
Definition
6 and 11
Term
Type of HPV that causes a more severe form of dysplasia that more likely progress to cancer
Definition
16 and 18
Term
T or F- Women who develop cervical cancer are usually those who have never had a Pap smear or who have not had one for many years.
Definition
True
Term
colposcopy
Definition
with more severe abnormalities, a colposcopy may be performed to provide a magnified view of the cervix and transformation zone. Acetic acid can also help.
Term
colposcopy
Definition
with more severe abnormalities, a colposcopy may be performed to provide a magnified view of the cervix and transformation zone. Acetic acid can also help.
Term
Percent rate that a exposed to a sexual partner with genital warts will develop cervical or vulvar pre-cancers within 1 to 6 months.
Definition
60 %. of those 30 willregress, 40 persist and 30 progress.
Term
tools to ablate cervical dysplasia
Definition
laser vaporization, cryotherapy, or the loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP).
Term
T or F-- Worldwide, it is the most common cancer in women
Definition
False. Second
Term
T or F-- Worldwide, it is the most common cancer in women
Definition
False. Second
Term
first Symptoms of cervical cancers
Definition
spontaneous or post-coital vaginal bleeding, or there may be no symptoms, i.e., the first indication is an abnormal Pap smear
Term
most common cause of death from cervical carcinoma
Definition
renal failure due to destruction of the ureters and leading to obstruction
Term
Stages of cervical cancers
Definition
Stage I cervical cancers are confined to the cervix. Stage II is marked by vaginal involvement; Stage III has spread throughout the pelvis. Stage IV cancers have spread beyond the pelvis; the prognosis is very poor for Stage IV lesions
Term
corpus of the uterus
Definition
refers specifically to the upper two-thirds of the uterus, located above the level of the internal cervical
Term
endometrium
Definition
Inner lining of the uterus. Not the myometrium.
Term
corpus luteum
Definition
Creates progesterone which prepares the endometrium for implantation of an embryo by converting it to a secretory state
Term
luteal phase
Definition
preparation of the endothelium for the embryo
Term
menorrhagia
Definition
Abnormally heavy bleeding at the expected time of menses
Term
metrorrhagia
Definition
bleeding between the expected times of menses
Term
T or F -- Abnormal bleeding from the endometrium is uncommon and has many causes including pregnancy, lesions, hormonal imbalance, and systemic diseases.
Definition
False. It is common.
Term
menometrorrhagia
Definition
metrorrhagia and menorrhagia combined
Term
anovulatory menstrual cycles
Definition
is a menstrual cycle during which the ovaries do not release an oocyte
Term
Hormonal causes of abnormal uterine bleeding
Definition
anovulatory menstrual cycles (the most common cause), an inadequate luteal phase, oral contraceptives, and changes associated with menopause
Term
True or false -After menopause, any bleeding from the uterus is abnormal, and it is most often due to organic lesions.
Definition
True
Term
Causes of Anovulatory cycles
Definition
hormonal disturbances due dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, the thyroid, or the adrenal gland. Malnutrition, obesity, stress, and debilitating disease may also be causes
Term
Hyperestrogenism
Definition
Abnormally high levels of estrogen or estrogen whose action is unopposed by progesterone can lead to development of endometrial polyps and hyperplasia, as well as carcinoma of the endometrium
Term
Causes of hyperestrogenism
Definition
obesity low parity oral contraceptives; hormone replacement therapy, anovulation early menarche and a late menopause (the greater the number of menstrual cycles, the greater the risk); and lesions of the ovary that produce estrogen.
Term
Endometrial polyps
Definition
They are typically small, and their development has been associated with use of Tamoxifen for treatment of breast cancer.
Term
Endometrial hyperplasia
Definition
is an abnormal proliferation of endometrial glands benign condition but may be a precursor to endometrial cancer (29% of those w/ complex E.H.)
Term
T or F --Endometrial hyperplasia is most often seen in peri- and post-menopausal women (greater than 45 years old).
Definition
True
Term
Endometrial adenocarcinoma
Definition
is the most common invasive carcinoma of the female genital tract
Term
Types of endometrial adenocarcinoma
Definition
Type 1 Estrogen Driven
Type 2 rare non estrogen driven.
Term
endometrioid
Definition
The usual Type I endometrial adenocarcinoma
It generally occurs in women in their 50’s to 60’s
Term
T or F -- Ovarian cancer is a much rarer disease, but it causes four times as many deaths.
Definition
True
Term
T or F -- Ovarian cancer is a much rarer disease, but it causes four times as many deaths.
Definition
True
Term
Treatment for endometrial adenocarcinoma
Definition
The usual treatment is hysterectomy, including removal of the ovaries to eliminate further stimulation by estrogen.
Term
Leiomyoma
Definition
benign tumors of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus have a "wormy" or fiber-like appearance and the most common uterine tumor (usually 30-40)
Term
Three places of Leiomyoma
Definition
beneath the mucosal lining of the uterus (submucosal), within the uterine wall (intramural), or beneath the covering of the uterus (subserosal).
Term
T or F -- Tumors (Leiomyoma) tend not to diminish after menopause
Definition
False they tend to diminish. "wait and see"
Term
functional cysts
Definition
ovarian cysts filled with either clear fluid or blood
Term
Most ovarian tumors arise fr
Definition
the epithelium on the surface of the ovary
80% are bening
Term
T or F malignant ovarian cancer are the fifth leading of cause of cancer deaths among women and frequently, older white women of Northern European ancestry are affected.
Definition
True
Term
CA-125
Definition
(ovarian cancer marker) can be used to follow the effectiveness of treatment but is not useful for screening. Often, ovarian carcinomas produce no symptoms until it is too late for effective treatment
Term
cause of Infertility
Definition
poorly understood problems with ova or sperm, as well as systemic abnormalities. and pelvic inflammatory disease (see above), which can cause scarring of the tubes, and endometriosis
Term
ectopic pregnancy
Definition
embryo implants outside of the uterus
Term
ectopic pregnancy
Definition
embryo implants outside of the uterus
Term
T or F A pnegative pregnancy test and abdominal pain are signs of a possible tubal pregnancy
Definition
False positive pregnancy test and abdominal pain
Term
methotrexate
Definition
given to destroy the placental tissue to try to minimize damage to the tube. in ectopic pregnancy
Term
methotrexate
Definition
given to destroy the placental tissue to try to minimize damage to the tube. in ectopic pregnancy
Term
placenta previa
Definition
placenta implants abnormally low in the uterus
Term
placenta previa
Definition
placenta implants abnormally low in the uterus
Term
placenta accreta
Definition
placenta invades into the myometrium and does not separate properly from the uterus at birth
woman can bleed to death after she gives birth
Term
placenta abruptio
Definition
placenta separates from the uterus too early, which can lead to massive bleeding.
Term
endometriosis
Definition
refers to endometrial-type tissue located outside of the uterus
Term
dysmenorrhea
Definition
(painful menses)
Term
dysmenorrhea
Definition
(painful menses)
Term
Symptoms of endometriosis
Definition
causes dysmenorrhea
decreased fertility by impairing ovarian function, causing adhesions to form, and perhaps leading to immunological abnormalities. is also associated with development of certain cancers
Term
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Definition
effective hormonal treatment for edometriosis
Term
T or F Functional status of the breast at various stages of a woman’s reproductive life predisposes it to particular diseases.
Definition
True
Term
T or F Functional status of the breast at various stages of a woman’s reproductive life predisposes it to particular diseases.
Definition
True
Term
T of F most lumps in the breast are cancerous
Definition
False. They are not; 40% result from fibrocystic disease, 7% from fibroadenomas, 10% from cancers, and 30% are not pathologic
Term
T of F most lumps in the breast are cancerous
Definition
False. They are not; 40% result from fibrocystic disease, 7% from fibroadenomas, 10% from cancers, and 30% are not pathologic
Term
fibrocystic change (sometimes called fibrocystic disease)
Definition
very common in women 30 to 50 years old and occurs in about 40-50% of all women.
presents as a lumpy, firm, dominant mass, tends to be bilateral, and may cause pain
Term
fibrocystic change (sometimes called fibrocystic disease)
Definition
very common in women 30 to 50 years old and occurs in about 40-50% of all women.
presents as a lumpy, firm, dominant mass, tends to be bilateral, and may cause pain
Term
Possible cause of fibrocystic change?
Definition
thought to arise from an exaggerated response of breast tissue to estrogen and progesterone. As such, it often waxes and wanes during the menstrual cycle
Term
Possible cause of fibrocystic change?
Definition
thought to arise from an exaggerated response of breast tissue to estrogen and progesterone. As such, it often waxes and wanes during the menstrual cycle
Term
Two types of fibrocystic disease
Definition
nonproliferative fibrocystic disease
and proliferative fibrocystic diseaseinvolves excessive growth (hyperplasia) of these cells
Term
T or F proliferative fibrocystic disease is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer
Definition
True The increased risk is about 4- to 5-fold, depending on the particular subtype of the disease.
Term
Fibroadenoma
Definition
most common type of benign tumor in the breast and usually affects young women (18 to 30 years old)
well-delimited, rubbery, soft, and mobile
occurs as a unilateral, solitary mass that is easy to see by mammography
Term
Breast cancer is by far the most common form of cancer in women in the US .
Definition
False- second only to skin cancer.
Term
Breast cancer is uncommon in women under 25
Definition
True
Term
Risk factors for breast cancer
Definition
The risk factors are similar to those for endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma and include: an early menarche and late menopause, low or nulliparity, first pregnancy at a late age (first pregnancy at less than 20 years old (!) is protective), and a family history of breast cancer in close relatives (although the majority of cases are sporadic).
Term
Mosk at risk for breast cancer?
Definition
Caucasian women, particularly of Jewish heritage are most at risk, and East Asians have the lowest incidence.
Term
Non invasive breast cancer
Definition
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). DCIS and LCIS are analogous to cervical dysplasia
Term
Non invasive breast cancer
Definition
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). DCIS and LCIS are analogous to cervical dysplasia
Term
Invasive breast cancer manisfestation
Definition
as a hard, immobile (because it has invaded adjacent structures), solitary mass. Advanced tumors can lead to dimpling of the skin ("orange-peel skin") and retraction of the nipple.
Term
Invasive breast cancer manisfestation
Definition
as a hard, immobile (because it has invaded adjacent structures), solitary mass. Advanced tumors can lead to dimpling of the skin ("orange-peel skin") and retraction of the nipple.
Term
T or F --cancers cause inflammation, resulting in reddened, hot skin; this is usually a sign of advanced disease.
Definition
True
Term
T or F --cancers cause inflammation, resulting in reddened, hot skin; this is usually a sign of advanced disease.
Definition
True
Term
effective screening tools for detecting breast cancer
Definition
Self-examination and mammography
Term
Age of annual screening guideline
Definition
40 yrs old
Term
Certain genetic mutations are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer and are especially prevalent in the Jewish population
Definition
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes lead to increased risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer in women
Term
Mutations in BRCA1 are also correlated with an increased risk of breast cancer for men
Definition
False. Brca 2
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