Term
| What cells cover the vulva, vagina and ectocervic |
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Definition
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Term
| What lines the endocervix (the lining of the cervical canal), the endometrium (the inner layer of the uterus), and the epithelium that lines the Fallopian tubes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the muscular wall of the uterus, a mesenchymal tissue |
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Term
| T or F -The vulva has a high level of exposure to infections due to its function and location. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F -- Vaginal cancer is relatively common |
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Definition
| False--Any tumors that are seen are usually metastatic (from the cervix, ovary, or endometrium), rather than primary. |
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Term
| transformation (also known as the T or transitional) zone |
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Definition
| In between the outer cervix (squamous epithelial) and endocervical canal (mucous producing columnar epithelium). Most cancers and pre-cancers developed here. susceptible to HPV due to high epithelial turnover rate. |
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Term
| Name 4 major inflammatory and infectious diseases in the female genital tract |
|
Definition
A. Vaginitis
B. Gonorrhea
C. Genital herpes
D. Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
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Term
| The most common problem of the vagina |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T or F--Lactobacillus vaginalis is an infectious disease that causes vaginitis |
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Definition
| False- Lactobacillus vaginalis metabolizes the epithelial cells' glycogen to lactic acid, maintaining the normally acidic pH of the vagina. This acidic pH helps keep the growth of normal flora in the vagina in check and helps prevent infection by agents that are not usually present |
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Term
|
Definition
| Overgrowth of normal flora. vaginitis can be caused by a number of agents, including fungi (e.g., Candida albicans), bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis), or parasites (Trichomonas vaginalis). |
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Term
| Vaginitis is characterized by... |
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Definition
| itching and a purulent discharge |
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Term
|
Definition
| Infection with Gardnerella is characterized by the presence of these and leads bacterial vaginitis |
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Term
| common fungal infection of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina) |
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Definition
Candida albicans (yeast infection)
white patches may be observed |
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Term
| common fungal infection of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina) |
|
Definition
Candida albicans (yeast infection)
white patches may be observed
Not an STD, 10% of women has it. |
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Term
| What Predisposes patient to yeast infection? |
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Definition
| antibiotic therapy, diabetes, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives can also predispose |
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Term
| What can be found in a smear for yeast infection? |
|
Definition
| hyphae (filaments) of Candida albicans |
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Term
|
Definition
an ovoid (oval), single-celled parasite, with flagella., causes a purulent vaginal discharge
seen in 15% of women who come to STD clinics |
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|
Term
| T or F- Gonorrhea is an STD caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and affects about 1.5 million people in the US per year |
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Definition
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Term
| N. gonorrhea can cause..... in adult and babies |
|
Definition
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is usually caused by infections that ascend from the lower genital tract.
bacterium infects the baby’s eyes, causing conjunctivitis |
|
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Term
| What can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and what is it's symptoms? |
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Definition
| N. gonorrhoeae Neisseria, Chlamydia symptoms include pain, fever, nausea, and vaginal discharge. Abscesses in the Fallopian tubes and ovaries may develop. Long-term complications can be severe and include scarring, infertility, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. |
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|
Term
| T or F--- Herpes is the highest STD incidence |
|
Definition
False-- It is a STD second only to HPV in incidence.
HSV II is the most common herpes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the primary infection manifestation of herpes which then form painful ulcerations |
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Term
| Characteristic cell changes caused by Herpes virus |
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Definition
| formation of multinucleated giant cells with "ground-glass"-like viral inclusions |
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Term
| It is very common STD, affecting 2 to 3% of the population between the ages of 15 and 40 |
|
Definition
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
|
|
Term
| How many subtypes does HPV have |
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Definition
| There are 150 subtypes that differs with respect to where they prefer to establish an infection and to their oncogenic potential. |
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Term
| What type of cells does HSV and HPV infect? |
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Definition
| Squamous epithelial cells of the vulva, vagina, and cervix |
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Term
| T or F -- HPV is an RNA virus |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T or F --Types 6 and 11 of HPV (among others) can infect the vulva, but they may also infect the cervix, resulting in benign lesions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F --The vaccine Gardasil protects against subtypes 6, 11, 16, and 18, which collectively account for ~98% of disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three major diseases or complication of HPV |
|
Definition
• Condyloma acuminatum (venereal warts):
• Cervical dysplasia:
• Cancer of the cervix: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HPV causes multiple, warty, cauliflower-like lession,
Condyloma acuminatum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HPV causes multiple, warty, cauliflower-like lession,
Condyloma acuminatum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infected epithelial cells that are actively producing virus have a clear halo around the nucleus |
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|
Term
| refer to a pre-malignant condition that may lead to cervical cancer |
|
Definition
| including cervical dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) |
|
|
Term
| True or false --Nearly all cases of cervical dysplasia are caused by infection of epithelial cells in the transformation zone with HPV; therefore, cervical dysplasia is not considered a STD. |
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Definition
| False. It is considered an STD |
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Term
|
Definition
| Changes in a cervical dysplasia where the nuclei become larger, there is more mitotic activity, and there are more irregularly shaped cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Changes in a cervical dysplasia where the nuclei become larger, there is more mitotic activity, and there are more irregularly shaped cells |
|
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Term
| T or F -- Cervical dysplasia is not a malignancy of the cervix |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F -- Cervical dysplasia is not a malignancy of the cervix |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| type of of HPV that cause mild dysplasia that seldom progresses to malignancy |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of HPV that causes a more severe form of dysplasia that more likely progress to cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F- Women who develop cervical cancer are usually those who have never had a Pap smear or who have not had one for many years. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with more severe abnormalities, a colposcopy may be performed to provide a magnified view of the cervix and transformation zone. Acetic acid can also help. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with more severe abnormalities, a colposcopy may be performed to provide a magnified view of the cervix and transformation zone. Acetic acid can also help. |
|
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Term
| Percent rate that a exposed to a sexual partner with genital warts will develop cervical or vulvar pre-cancers within 1 to 6 months. |
|
Definition
| 60 %. of those 30 willregress, 40 persist and 30 progress. |
|
|
Term
| tools to ablate cervical dysplasia |
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Definition
| laser vaporization, cryotherapy, or the loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP). |
|
|
Term
| T or F-- Worldwide, it is the most common cancer in women |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F-- Worldwide, it is the most common cancer in women |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| first Symptoms of cervical cancers |
|
Definition
| spontaneous or post-coital vaginal bleeding, or there may be no symptoms, i.e., the first indication is an abnormal Pap smear |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of death from cervical carcinoma |
|
Definition
| renal failure due to destruction of the ureters and leading to obstruction |
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|
Term
| Stages of cervical cancers |
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Definition
| Stage I cervical cancers are confined to the cervix. Stage II is marked by vaginal involvement; Stage III has spread throughout the pelvis. Stage IV cancers have spread beyond the pelvis; the prognosis is very poor for Stage IV lesions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| refers specifically to the upper two-thirds of the uterus, located above the level of the internal cervical |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inner lining of the uterus. Not the myometrium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Creates progesterone which prepares the endometrium for implantation of an embryo by converting it to a secretory state |
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Term
|
Definition
| preparation of the endothelium for the embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally heavy bleeding at the expected time of menses |
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Term
|
Definition
| bleeding between the expected times of menses |
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|
Term
| T or F -- Abnormal bleeding from the endometrium is uncommon and has many causes including pregnancy, lesions, hormonal imbalance, and systemic diseases. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metrorrhagia and menorrhagia combined |
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Term
| anovulatory menstrual cycles |
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Definition
| is a menstrual cycle during which the ovaries do not release an oocyte |
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Term
| Hormonal causes of abnormal uterine bleeding |
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Definition
| anovulatory menstrual cycles (the most common cause), an inadequate luteal phase, oral contraceptives, and changes associated with menopause |
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Term
| True or false -After menopause, any bleeding from the uterus is abnormal, and it is most often due to organic lesions. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of Anovulatory cycles |
|
Definition
| hormonal disturbances due dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, the thyroid, or the adrenal gland. Malnutrition, obesity, stress, and debilitating disease may also be causes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally high levels of estrogen or estrogen whose action is unopposed by progesterone can lead to development of endometrial polyps and hyperplasia, as well as carcinoma of the endometrium |
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Term
| Causes of hyperestrogenism |
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Definition
| obesity low parity oral contraceptives; hormone replacement therapy, anovulation early menarche and a late menopause (the greater the number of menstrual cycles, the greater the risk); and lesions of the ovary that produce estrogen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| They are typically small, and their development has been associated with use of Tamoxifen for treatment of breast cancer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an abnormal proliferation of endometrial glands benign condition but may be a precursor to endometrial cancer (29% of those w/ complex E.H.) |
|
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Term
| T or F --Endometrial hyperplasia is most often seen in peri- and post-menopausal women (greater than 45 years old). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Endometrial adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| is the most common invasive carcinoma of the female genital tract |
|
|
Term
| Types of endometrial adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
Type 1 Estrogen Driven
Type 2 rare non estrogen driven. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The usual Type I endometrial adenocarcinoma
It generally occurs in women in their 50’s to 60’s |
|
|
Term
| T or F -- Ovarian cancer is a much rarer disease, but it causes four times as many deaths. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F -- Ovarian cancer is a much rarer disease, but it causes four times as many deaths. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for endometrial adenocarcinoma |
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Definition
| The usual treatment is hysterectomy, including removal of the ovaries to eliminate further stimulation by estrogen. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| benign tumors of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus have a "wormy" or fiber-like appearance and the most common uterine tumor (usually 30-40) |
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Term
| Three places of Leiomyoma |
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Definition
| beneath the mucosal lining of the uterus (submucosal), within the uterine wall (intramural), or beneath the covering of the uterus (subserosal). |
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Term
| T or F -- Tumors (Leiomyoma) tend not to diminish after menopause |
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Definition
| False they tend to diminish. "wait and see" |
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Term
|
Definition
| ovarian cysts filled with either clear fluid or blood |
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|
Term
| Most ovarian tumors arise fr |
|
Definition
the epithelium on the surface of the ovary
80% are bening |
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Term
| T or F malignant ovarian cancer are the fifth leading of cause of cancer deaths among women and frequently, older white women of Northern European ancestry are affected. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (ovarian cancer marker) can be used to follow the effectiveness of treatment but is not useful for screening. Often, ovarian carcinomas produce no symptoms until it is too late for effective treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| poorly understood problems with ova or sperm, as well as systemic abnormalities. and pelvic inflammatory disease (see above), which can cause scarring of the tubes, and endometriosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| embryo implants outside of the uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
| embryo implants outside of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| T or F A pnegative pregnancy test and abdominal pain are signs of a possible tubal pregnancy |
|
Definition
| False positive pregnancy test and abdominal pain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| given to destroy the placental tissue to try to minimize damage to the tube. in ectopic pregnancy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| given to destroy the placental tissue to try to minimize damage to the tube. in ectopic pregnancy |
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Term
|
Definition
| placenta implants abnormally low in the uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
| placenta implants abnormally low in the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
placenta invades into the myometrium and does not separate properly from the uterus at birth
woman can bleed to death after she gives birth |
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Term
|
Definition
| placenta separates from the uterus too early, which can lead to massive bleeding. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to endometrial-type tissue located outside of the uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of endometriosis |
|
Definition
causes dysmenorrhea
decreased fertility by impairing ovarian function, causing adhesions to form, and perhaps leading to immunological abnormalities. is also associated with development of certain cancers |
|
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Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
|
Definition
| effective hormonal treatment for edometriosis |
|
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Term
| T or F Functional status of the breast at various stages of a woman’s reproductive life predisposes it to particular diseases. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| T or F Functional status of the breast at various stages of a woman’s reproductive life predisposes it to particular diseases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T of F most lumps in the breast are cancerous |
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Definition
| False. They are not; 40% result from fibrocystic disease, 7% from fibroadenomas, 10% from cancers, and 30% are not pathologic |
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Term
| T of F most lumps in the breast are cancerous |
|
Definition
| False. They are not; 40% result from fibrocystic disease, 7% from fibroadenomas, 10% from cancers, and 30% are not pathologic |
|
|
Term
| fibrocystic change (sometimes called fibrocystic disease) |
|
Definition
very common in women 30 to 50 years old and occurs in about 40-50% of all women.
presents as a lumpy, firm, dominant mass, tends to be bilateral, and may cause pain |
|
|
Term
| fibrocystic change (sometimes called fibrocystic disease) |
|
Definition
very common in women 30 to 50 years old and occurs in about 40-50% of all women.
presents as a lumpy, firm, dominant mass, tends to be bilateral, and may cause pain |
|
|
Term
| Possible cause of fibrocystic change? |
|
Definition
| thought to arise from an exaggerated response of breast tissue to estrogen and progesterone. As such, it often waxes and wanes during the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| Possible cause of fibrocystic change? |
|
Definition
| thought to arise from an exaggerated response of breast tissue to estrogen and progesterone. As such, it often waxes and wanes during the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| Two types of fibrocystic disease |
|
Definition
nonproliferative fibrocystic disease
and proliferative fibrocystic diseaseinvolves excessive growth (hyperplasia) of these cells |
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|
Term
| T or F proliferative fibrocystic disease is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer |
|
Definition
| True The increased risk is about 4- to 5-fold, depending on the particular subtype of the disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common type of benign tumor in the breast and usually affects young women (18 to 30 years old)
well-delimited, rubbery, soft, and mobile
occurs as a unilateral, solitary mass that is easy to see by mammography |
|
|
Term
| Breast cancer is by far the most common form of cancer in women in the US . |
|
Definition
| False- second only to skin cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Breast cancer is uncommon in women under 25 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for breast cancer |
|
Definition
| The risk factors are similar to those for endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma and include: an early menarche and late menopause, low or nulliparity, first pregnancy at a late age (first pregnancy at less than 20 years old (!) is protective), and a family history of breast cancer in close relatives (although the majority of cases are sporadic). |
|
|
Term
| Mosk at risk for breast cancer? |
|
Definition
| Caucasian women, particularly of Jewish heritage are most at risk, and East Asians have the lowest incidence. |
|
|
Term
| Non invasive breast cancer |
|
Definition
| ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). DCIS and LCIS are analogous to cervical dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| Non invasive breast cancer |
|
Definition
| ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). DCIS and LCIS are analogous to cervical dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| Invasive breast cancer manisfestation |
|
Definition
| as a hard, immobile (because it has invaded adjacent structures), solitary mass. Advanced tumors can lead to dimpling of the skin ("orange-peel skin") and retraction of the nipple. |
|
|
Term
| Invasive breast cancer manisfestation |
|
Definition
| as a hard, immobile (because it has invaded adjacent structures), solitary mass. Advanced tumors can lead to dimpling of the skin ("orange-peel skin") and retraction of the nipple. |
|
|
Term
| T or F --cancers cause inflammation, resulting in reddened, hot skin; this is usually a sign of advanced disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F --cancers cause inflammation, resulting in reddened, hot skin; this is usually a sign of advanced disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effective screening tools for detecting breast cancer |
|
Definition
| Self-examination and mammography |
|
|
Term
| Age of annual screening guideline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Certain genetic mutations are associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer and are especially prevalent in the Jewish population |
|
Definition
| Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes lead to increased risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer in women |
|
|
Term
| Mutations in BRCA1 are also correlated with an increased risk of breast cancer for men |
|
Definition
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|
