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gursky bio anthro
test 1
131
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/20/2011

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Bio ANthro Definition

 

Definition
study of human biology within the framework of evolution with an interaction b/n biology and culture
Term
5 types of bio anthro
Definition

primatology

human paleontology- fossil remains of early human species 

forensics- murders and accidents

human pop genetics- heredity diff b/n pop

human  behavioral ecology- natural selection aplied to study of human behavioral in eco settings

Term
common question slash goal
Definition

why humans act/ are they way they do

scientific knowledge about species

Term
evolution
Definition
change over time- recently incorportated
Term
Ptolemy 
Definition

earth at center of universe

revolving spheres in perfect regularity

stable and unchanging

Term
The renaissance adn Enlightening
Definition
scientists begin to question whether the world was as stable as it was traditionally percieved to be
Term
copernicus
Definition

treatise on Ptolemy s ancient system

Sun= heliocentric 

Earth = geocentric

Term
francis bacon
Definition
emphasize use of deductive method and need for experiment
Term
Rene Descartes 
Definition
contributed new method of math
Term

Newton

 

Definition
calc, apply math to physics adn astronomy, 3 laws of motion, the theory of light and color, universal gravity etc
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition

Fossils= remains of real plants and animals 

-many marine animal fosils far from water mean earths surface has changed dramatically

-fixity of species (unchanged)

Term
Carolus Linnaeus
Definition

fixity of species 

-system a naturae- classification systems for plants and animals through common traits

-static 

2 latin names(binomial nomenclature)

genus and species

Term
Count Louis Buffon
Definition

variation

influenced by conditions

Term
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Definition

-Theory of macro evolution

-inheritence of acquired charactoristics- effects of use/disuse passed on

considered want wish desire

flawed!

Term
George Cuvier
Definition

opposed evolution/believed fixity species

-fathe of zoology, paleontology and comp. anatomy

explain extinction through Catastrophism- flood earthquake disastors responsible for ending major geological sequences

Term
Charles Lyell
Definition

father of modern geology- processes in present same as in past

Principle of Uniformitarianism

-earth must vbe much older than expected previously

Term
Archbishop Usher
Definition
earth = 4004 yrs old
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition

doubt fixity of species

galapagos islands - 13 finches varied on diff islands

-groups geographically seperated develope into own species -evolution by common descent

-artificial selection

Term
Robert Malthus
Definition
human pop grow exponetially while food grows arithmatically -> struggle for existance
Term
Did Darwin originate evolution?
Definition

No.

synthesized all ideas of evolution and added natural selection

Term
Darwins Natural Selection
Definition

1) organisms are capable of producing offspring and inc faster than food supply

2) all things show variation

3) Struggle for existance (survival of fittest)

4) favorable traits passed down

5) small changes every generation lead to large change over time

Term
Darwins Blending Theory
Definition
all traits blend of parents
Term
gregor mendel
Definition

cell theory-

all organisms made of cells

experiment w pea plants

P1-parent only produces one kind when self crossed

each charactoristic had 2 distinct phenotypes

F1- hybrid of 2 diff true breds

F2 cross of hybrids

 

Term
monohybrid cross
Definition
2 individuals that differ in one charactoristic cross
Term
hybrid
Definition

crossing of two different true breds. 

recessive and dominant traits

Term
law of segregation
Definition

a charactor is determined in the plant by 2 factors-genes

seperate from one another so that each gamete has only one for each charactoristic

Term
masking of variation
Definition

maksed but not lost

genotype and phenotype

Term
Punnett square diagram
Definition

show possible expressions 

predict proportion of phenotypes

Term
LAw of Independent Assortment
Definition

characteristics segregate independant of one another

sexual reproduction shuffles genes that affect diff traits

genes on same chromosome stay together in formation of gametes- Linkage

Term
Crossing over
Definition

-exception to linkage

switching of segments of DNA b/n chromo pairs during meiosis

-farther apart 2 genes on a chromo the more likely crossover

Term
Brachydactyly
Definition

1st discovered mendelian trait.

short stubby fingers

Term
blood groups
Definition

best known of red blood cell systems is ABO- Karl Landsteiner

3 phenotypes were inherited as result of 3 alleles of a single gene

Term
ABO blood system
Definition

symbolized as I- isoagglutinogen

can only posses 2 allels

O is recessive to both A &B

Term
Bombay Phenotype
Definition

O blood 

-due to rare recessive mutation

Term
Codominance
Definition
2 alleles occur in heteroz condition but niether has ability to mask other and both are seen in phenotype
Term
incomplete Dominence
Definition

heteroz has has phenotype that is intermediate to those of homoz parents

ex. snap dragon flowers: red +white =pink babies

Term
Pedigrees
Definition

charts of mating that have already taken place and resulting offspring in humans

over generations

determine if trait is mendelian in nature by following generations

mode of inheritance

Term
modes of mendelian inheritance in pedigrees
Definition

autosomal dominant

auto recessive

y linked

x linked dominant

x linked recessive

mitochondrial

Term
huntingtons Disease
Definition

auto dom.

gradual loss of motor control

degenerative personality changes

death wihtin 15 yrs. 

chromo 4

 

Term
Albanism
Definition
deficient production of a skin pigment called melanin
Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
excessive amnts of salt decrease effectiveness of digestion
Term
Tay Sachs
Definition

dont produce hexoaminidase A- a protein that helps break down chemical in nerve tissue

on chromo 15

Term
Hemizygous
Definition
conditions due to recessive X allele are more common in males
Term
Hypophosphatemia
Definition

rickets or bowleggedness 

affected males pass down to daughters only

Term

hemophilia

examples

Definition

lack of clotting ability

x linked recessive

-red/green colorblindedness and muscular dystrophy also x recessive

Term
Y linked inheritance
Definition

only in males

ex. Hairy ears

Term
Pleiotrophic effect
Definition

variation in expression different in males and females 

ex. baldness - dominant in males and recessive in females

Term
Polygenic traits
Definition

ex height 

normal distribution, continuous charactor

not discrete charactor

Term

Regression to the mean

King Fredrick

Definition

bell shaped curve- most have phenos b/n extremes

King Fredrick tried to bread giants for his army

Term

Stabilizing Selection

examples

Definition

middle=best

bird wings at extremes died in storm

birth weights larger and smaller more likely to die

Term
Directional Selection
Definition

ex. netting to only catch large salmon, small survive and reproduce. 

ex2. human brain increase over time

Term
Disruptive Selection
Definition
favor both extremes
Term
Cytology
Definition

biology of cell

cyto=cell

cytogenetics=study of heredity of mechanisms w/in cell

cells=basic unit of life

Term
Prokaryotes 
Definition

single celled organisms

enclosed by plasma membrane but does not contain plasma bound nucleus 

cytoplasm

Term
Eukaryotic cells
Definition

in fungi plants and animals

 

 

Term
plasma membrane
Definition

 

contain oranelles within cell

 

 

 

Term
nucleus
Definition

 

molecules comprised of DNA

 

 

Term
cytoplasm
Definition

 

 

contains organelles

 

 

Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition

 

 

cellular cite of protein synthesis,-studded w/ ribosomes& comprised of RNA

 

 

Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition

 

 chemically modify and distribute protiens synthesized by ER

Term
Mitochondria
Definition

energy production 

membranes mode of proteins

Term
centrioles
Definition
cytoplasmic organelles contained within special region called centrosome
Term
Somatic Cell
Definition

type of eukaryotic

make up structural compostion of body

Term
SEX cell
Definition

type of Eukaryote

gametes

specifically involved in reproduction

Term
Cell Division
Definition
production of new cells
Term
cell cycle
Definition
sequence of events from one division to another
Term
Interphase
Definition

period b/n cell division

3 main phases:

G1: immediately after division- uncoiled DNA called chromatin

S phase: duplicate copy of DNA made

G2 growth

Term

Mitosis

 

Definition

somatic cells

simple cell division-2 identical cells

each daughter has 46 chromos

Term

prophase of mitosis 

prophase I of Meiosis

Definition

chromo coil & become visible

duplicated chromo join at centromere

nuclear membrane begins to breakdown

centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell

Term

Metaphase of mitosis

Metaphase I of Meiosis

Definition

begins when nuclear membrane completely dissappears

chromo align at equator of cell

spindle fibers attach to centromere

Term

Anaphase of Mitosis

Anaphase I of Mitosis

Definition

spindle fibers contract causing centromere to split 

identical chromos seperate to each side(complete set of chromo on each side)

Term

Telophase of Mitosis

Telophase I of Meiosis

Definition

spindle fibers breakdown

ER forms new nuclear membranes

chromo uncoil become chromatin

cell divides into 2 daughter cells

Term
Meiosis
Definition

development of new individuals 

2 divisions that result in 4 daughter cells

Term
Prophase II Meiosis
Definition

Centrioles migrate to opposite poles

nuclear membrane begins to disappear

Term
Metaphase II of Meiosis
Definition

nuclear membrane disappears

chromos aligns on equater

spindle fibers attach to centromere

Term
Anaphase II of Meiosis
Definition

spindle fibers contract splitting centromere

chromos move opposite poles

Term
Telophase II of meiosis
Definition

haploid set of daughter chromo at opposite poles

nuclear membrane reform

cells undergo second meiotic division

-> 4 haploid daughter cells w 1 copy chromos

Term
Gametogenesis
Definition
meiosis of  cells that results in formation of ova and sperm
Term
spermatogenesis
Definition
occurs in testes until death
Term
primary spermatocytes
Definition

daughter cells produced by spermatocytes undergo meiosis and form haploid spermanoids

from cytoplasm the neck and whip like tail develop 

-takes 48 days

Term
oogenesis
Definition
production of gametes in ovaries
Term
Oogenesis: how it splits
Definition

oogenesis divide by meiosis and for primary oocytes

-produce cells of unequal size

called primary oocyte and polar body cells

oocyte divides to form the ovum and a polar body. 

polar bodies divide into 2 more 

Term
polar bodies
Definition

dont function- bc dont have cytoplasm and organelles

end with 4

Term
Two types of chromosomes:
Definition

autosomes 

&

sex chromosomes

Term
Autosomes
Definition

governs all physical charactoristics except sex. 

-abnormal # of autosomes are almost always fatal

Term
Karyotype
Definition

standard arrangement of chromosomes

-7 groups: A-G

-defined based on chromo size and centromere location

-4 classes based on position of centromere

 

Term
metacentric
Definition
centromere in center
Term
submetric
Definition
lies to one side of center
Term
acrocentric
Definition
near one end
Term
teleocentric 
Definition
at tip
Term
P arm
Definition
short arm
Term
Q arm
Definition

long arm

Term
atoms
Definition

basic building blocks of matter

-diff atoms=elements

Term
nucleic acids
Definition

largest molecule in living organisms

composed of nucleotides

 

2 types: purines & pyrimidines

Term
Purines
Definition
connected rings carbon and nitrogen atoms
Term
Pyrimidines
Definition
single ring 
Term
Watson & Crick
Definition

developed structural & functional model of DNA

-composed of nucleotides (2 chains)

nucleotide contains sugar phosphate &base

Term
protein synthesis
Definition

bond to other molecules

-made of amino acids

Term
modern synthesis
Definition

synthesize mendelian principles and natural selection

-small new changes passed down to offspring

evolution: change in allele freq. from one generation to next.

two stages: production and variation of variation, natural selection

Term
microevolution
Definition
short term evolutionary changes
Term
Macroevolution
Definition
long term changes
Term
Natural Selection
Definition

filter genetic variation

-doesnt create new variation, but changes allele frequencies

Term
fitness
Definition

relative genetic contributionof genotype to next generation

proportion of individuals w given genotype that survive and reproduce

W1:homo dom.

W2: hetero

W3: homo reces.

Term
Selection Coeffiecient
Definition

inverse of fitness

W+S=1

Term

selection against homoz recessive

disease?

Definition
Tay Sachs
Term

selection against dominant

disease?

Definition

achondroplastic dwarfism: virtually all dwarfs are heteroz

usually caused by a mutation occuring in sex cells of one parent

homoz=death

Term
selection for heteroz
Definition

approach 0 or 1

sickle cell: hemoglobin- protein in red blood cells transport oxygen, pack together causing rbc to be sikle shaped&clog- protect against malaria

selction against homoz:also called balancing selection

Term
balanced polymorphism
Definition
selection against homoz
Term
mutation
Definition

actual alteration in genetic material 

-to have evolutionary significaance must occur in sex cells->passed on from generations

creative force in nature: only way to make new variation

Term
estimating mutations
Definition

random

can only estimate probability of occuring

some mutations adventagious or nuetral, not just harmful

cant determine exact cause

Term
point mutation
Definition

change in single DNA base

most common

Ex. sickle cell 

Term
frame shift
Definition

addition or deletion of a base as larger section of DNA

-shifts all other bases

-added or lost during crossing over

Term
nondisjunction
Definition

2 members of chromo pair move together to same gamete(most die due to ova problems)

ex. downsyndrome- trisomy 21 (47 chromos)

Term
Turners syndrome
Definition

1 X chromo

no babies ;(

Term
Klinefelters
Definition

extra X -> XXY

reduced fertility

Term
deletion
Definition
segment of chromo is lost
Term
duplication
Definition
segment is present more than once
Term
inversion
Definition
segment chromo is reversed
Term
translocation
Definition
one or two chromos break off and bind to another
Term
Cri du Chat Syndrome
Definition

short section of chromo 5

retardation

babies sound like cats when cry

Term
Prader Willi Syndrome
Definition

deletion -loss of chromo 15

eats compulsively- eats to death

deletion of 15 comes from father

Term
Angelmans
Definition

retardation- no speach. but happy/laughing

deletion of 15 from mother

Term
trinucleotide repeats
Definition

insertion (duplication) mutations

sequence of 3 nucleotides repeat in tandem

Term
mutation rate
Definition

frequency of mutation- proportion of gametes carrying newly arisen mutations at a particular loss-

μ

Term
Migration/ gene flow
Definition

introduce new genes into a population

decrease diff b/n pop. -> more genetically similar

Term
geographic distance effect on gene flow
Definition

farther apart, less likely to exchange mates 

-most marriages take place w/in few km from birthplace

Term
hemolytic disease of newborn
Definition

immunalogical incompatability b/n mother and fetus

mother makes antigens against RH+ -> can kill baby

Term
genetic drift
Definition

random factor (sampling phenomena)

inversely related to pop size. 

inc size, decr effect of drift

Term
founder effect
Definition
Term
sewall wright 
Definition
small group of individ contribute genes to next generation and form genetic bottleneck
Term
Tristan da cunha
Definition

ppl remain on island 

start w 2 dozen -> 294

bred chinodactyly - deformity of 5th finger

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