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Gurnick MidTerm Pharm 2
Mid Term
55
Pharmacology
Professional
11/08/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Treatment for Anaphylaxis
Definition
Epinephrine, Antihistamines, Bronchodialators, fluids, oxygen
Term
Inotropic drugs (cardiotonic)
Definition

Digoxin- increases contractility and cardiac output

Dobutamine- beta1, short-term tx for shock, causes heart to beat forcefully and increase heart rate

Dopamine- activates beta1 and alpha1 receptors depending on dose/non selective

Epinephrine- nonselective/ for cardiac arrest and asthma/ vasoconstrictor

Norepinephrine- acts on alpha1 receptors, stimulates beta1 receptors/also for cardiac arrest

Term
Dopamine dose dependant effect
Definition

Low dose- selectively increases blood flow through kidneys

High dose- stimulates beta1, causes heart to meat more forcefully and increases cardiac output

Term
Epinephrine
Definition

Therap. Class- anaphylaxis and shock

Pharm. Class- vasoconstrictor

Action- drug of choice for acute anaphylactic shock. Nonselective and activates both beta and alpha receptors. Increases BP due to alpha1 stimulation. Bronchi opens due to activation of beta2

Term
What is the desirable level for HDL and LDL?
Definition

LDL= <100

HDL= >60

Term
What are food interactions with statins?
Definition
Grapefruit juice inhibits absorption of statins
Term

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors(statins) ex:

How do they work?

What are adverse effects?

What tests should be closely monitored during first months?

Definition

atorvastatin(Lipitor) rosuvastatin(Crestor) fluvastatin(Lescol) lovastatin(Mevacor) pitavastatin(Livalo) pravastatin(Pravachol)

They work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and making more LDL and removing it from blood

AE: indigestion, flatulence, cramping, constapation, muscle injury-weakness, soreness, pain

Monitor liver panel

Term
cholestyramine (Questran)
Definition

Therap.Class- Antilipemic

Pharm.Class- Bile acid resin

Action- used to tx high levels of cholesterol and LDLs. Not absorbed or metabolized in stomach but in intestine. May take 30 days or longer to produce maximum effect

AE: constipation, bloating, gas, nausea. Binds to vitamin K, thiazide diuretics, and penicillins. Should be taken 1hr before or 4hrs after other medicatons

Inhibits absorption or warfarin and levothyroxine

Term
retaplase(Retavase)- mechanism of work, containdicatons, adverse effects
Definition

Therap.Class- dissoving clots

Pharm.Class- thrombolytics

Action: mot effective if given w/in 30min but no later than 12hrs on onset of MI

Containdicated in patients w/ active bleeding

Dissolves blood clots by activating plasminogen, which then binds to fibrin to make clot

Removes clots and restore circulation to injured or occluded blood vessels

Term
Antiplatelet drugs
Definition
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) cilostazol(Pletal) dipyridamole(Persantine) pentoxifylline(Trental)
Term
Aspirin, Plavix (use in emergency settings)
Definition
Antiplatelet Drug
Term
Heparin VS Warfarin (antidotes, lab test)
Definition

Heparin- Lab= aPTT/ Antidote= Protamine sulfate / SE= heparin induced thromocythopenia

 

Warfarin- Lab= PT&INR/ Antidote= vitamin K / SE=Herbs like garlick, ginko, cranberry, chamomile, ginger, green tea / takes days to reach max effect

Term
What does it mean when chest pain does NOT respind quickly to sublingual nitrogycerin? How many doses of Nitro should be given?
Definition
Unstable angina. No more than 3 w/in 15 minutes
Term
Angina
Definition

Stable Angina- predictable in it's frequency, intensity, and duration

 

Unstable Angina- more frequent or severe and occur during periods of rest

Term
Cardiac Output
Definition

Volume of blood pumped per minute. Resting cardiac output is 5 liters.

 

Term
Left-sided Heart Failure
Definition
Blood accuculates in left ventricle, causing SOB and cough. Leads to hypertrophy
Term
Right-sided Heart Failure
Definition
Backs into peripheral veins and causes swelling of ankles, feet, and JVD (jugular vein distention)
Term
Drugs of choice for CHF
Definition
ACE inhibitors and Diuretics
Term
ACE Inhibitors
Definition

lisinopril and captopril

Are unique diuretics that besides reducing BP thus afterload, decreases post MI mortality

Term
Names and mechanism of action of CCB
Definition

amlodipine(Norvasc)- works on peripheral circulation;reduces S&D and mean PB

nifidipine(Procardia)- selective cacium channels in blood vessels;decreases cascular resistance and increases cardiac output

verapamil(calan)- affects calcium channels in both heart and blood vessels

diltiazem(Cardizem)- dilates coronary arteries; affects calcium channels in both heart and blood vessels

Term
Diseases that are treated with CCB
Definition
Angina pectoris, Cardiac dysrhythmias, and HTN
Term
Beta Blockers: metoprolol and atenolol- SELECTIVE beta 1 blockers block what receptors in the heart?
Definition
Adrenergic
Term
Non-selective BB?
Definition

nadolon(Corgard)

propranolol(Inderal, InnoPran XL)

timolol maleate(Betinol)

Term
1st drug to treat HTN
Definition
Diuretics
Term

Digoxin: mechanism of work?

Toxicity?

Antidote?

Definition

To inhibit the Na+ & K+ ATPase enzyme which causes the release of calcium ions to produce more forceful contraction of muscle fibers

Hypokalemia predisposes patient to digoxin toxcity

Antidote:immune fab(Ovine)

Term

ACE Inhibitors: lisinopril(Privinil)

Side Effects

Definition
Persistant cough, headache, dizziness, hypotension, angioedema
Term
ARBs(Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) candesartan(Atacand) losartan(Cozaar) When do we use them?
Definition
When patient can't take side effects of ACE inhibitors
Term
Loop Diuretics
Definition

Increase excretion of Na+

furosemide(Lasix)

Side Effect: hypokalemia

Term
K+ sparing diuretics: spironolactone(Apresolin)
Definition
Acts by inhibiting aldosterone in distal tubule
Term
Alfa 1 blockers: doxazosin(Cardura) side effects
Definition
Orthostatic hypotention, dizziness, headache
Term
Direct Vasodilator: hydralazine(Apresolin)
Definition

hydralazine(Apresolin)- direct-acting casodilator- good for lowering BP in African Americans

Side Effects: headache, reflex tachycardia, palpitations, flushing, nausea, diarrhea, Lupus like symptoms

Term
Drug to tx hypertensive emergency
Definition
Nitroprusside
Term
Two hormones produced by the pancreas
Definition
Glucogon and Insulin (Cortisol)
Term
Diabetes Type 1
Definition
Lack of insulin secretion by pancreas. Common @ juvenile age
Term
Diabetes Type 2
Definition
Begins @ middle-age groups. Common in overweight patients w/low HDL and high triglycerides
Term
Symptoms of diabetes
Definition

Polyuria

polyphagia

polydipsia

Term
Long-term consequences
Definition
Damage to arteries that lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, gangrene of the toes which leads to amputation
Term
Normal blood glucose levels
Definition
70-120
Term
Humulin R; peak action
Definition
Peak affect @ 2-3 hours / duration of 5-7 hours
Term
insulin glardine(Lantus)
Definition
Best to give @ bedtime/ Not to mix with any other insulin products/ Not available in IV form
Term
Why do we need to rotate sites for insulin injections?
Definition
Can cause hard lumps or fatty deposits, making insulin action less reliable and cause brusing
Term
glipizide(Glucotrol) best time to take is?
Definition
30 minutes prior to primary meal of the day
Term
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Definition
Tachycardia, confusion, sweating, drowsiness, coonvulsions, coma, death
Term
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Definition
Increase body metabolism, tachcardia, weight loss, increase body temp., anxiety, Graves disease
Term
propylthiouracil(PTU)
Definition

Therap.Class- Hyperthyroidism

Pharm.Class- Antithyroidism

Action: interferes w/synthesis of T3 and T4. Delay reaction of 6-12 weeks. Will return to normal thyroid function

Side Effect: over tx causes hypothyroid symptoms, decrease in platelet and WBC count

Term
levothyrosin(Synthroid)
Definition

Therap.Class-Thyroid replacement

Pharm.Class-metabolic enhancing/Natural hormone

Action:used as replacement therapy for pt w/low thyroid functon.May requireperiodic adjustments for months to achieve proper levels

Side Effect:tachycardia, anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, heat intolerance. irrefular menstration and osteroporosis in women. Herball supplements like lemon balm causes interference w/thyroid function

Term
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
Definition
Slowed body metabolism, slurred speech, bradycardia, weight gain, low body temp., intolerance to cold environments
Term
Hormones of adrenal cortex
Definition
Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens
Term
Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome
Definition
Adrenal atrophy, osteoporosis, increased risk of infection, delay wound healing, peptic ulcers, redistribution of fat around shoulders and neck
Term
Symptoms of Addison Disease (adrenal insufficiency)
Definition
Hypoglycemia, fatigue, hypotension, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea
Term

hydrocortisol is prescribed for?

 

Long-term side effect?

Definition

Adrenocortical insufficiency, inflammation, allergic disorders, joint inflammation

 

Cushing's Syndrome

Term
Hormones that are produced by anterior pituitary?
Definition

F-follicle stimulating (FSH)

L-luteinizing (LH)

A-adenocoticotropic (ACTH)

T-thyroid (TSH)

P-prolactin (PRL)

G-growth (GH)

F-L-A-T-P-I-G

Term
Hormones thats releaed by posterior pituitary
Definition

Antidiuretic (ADH)

Oxytocin

Term
Hierarchy
Definition

CRF (hypothalamus)- ACTH (anterior pituitary)- cortisol(adrenal cortex)

TRF (hypothalamus) - TSH (anterior pituitary)- thyroxin (thyroid gland)

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