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language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, and jewelry
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| use of ones own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individualsor societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation |
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| French philosopher and father of positivism |
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| not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms |
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| expectations or rules of behavior that reflect and enforce values |
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| expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms |
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| Norms that are not strictly enforced |
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| norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well being of the group |
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| a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated |
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| the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larger culture; a world within a world |
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| a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in oposition to the broader culture |
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| a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group |
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| spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another |
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| process by which people learn the characteristics of their group- the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate to them |
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| coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reaction to us |
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| Freud's term for our inborn basic drives |
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| freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society |
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| freud's term for the conscience, the internalized norms and values of our social groups. |
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| a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests |
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| people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life |
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| the unintended beneficial consequence of peoples actions |
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| the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors |
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| statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from theory |
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| factor thought to be significant for human behavior which can vary from one case to another |
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| the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure |
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| the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results |
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| a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying |
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| research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting |
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| factor that causes a change in another variable called the dependent variable |
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| a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study |
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| strength of a relationship between two variables. A strong, or high, correlation means that two or more variables have a strong relationship with each other while a weak, or low, correlation means that the variables are hardly related. |
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| actions or behaviors that violate social norms, including formally enacted rules as well as informal violations of social norms |
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extreme disapproval of (or discontent with) a person or group on socially characteristic grounds that are perceived, and serve to distinguish them, from other members of a society. Stigma may then be affixed to such a person, by the greater society, who differs from their cultural norms
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| Labeling theory is based on the idea that behaviors are deviant only when society labels them as deviant. |
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| story of when the smart and well of kids were able to do the same thing as the bad kids but were not accused because of their background. |
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| a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation |
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the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses.
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A measurement of the rate at which offenders commit other crimes, either by arrest or conviction baselines, after being released from incarceration.
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| unlawful homicide of at least two people, carried out in a series over a period of time |
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a crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice, typically one involving violence.
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| medicalization of deviants |
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| the process of defining a behavior as an illness or medical disorder and then treating it with a medical intervention. In this module we are particularly interested in the behaviors and appearances that have been first defined as deviant and then later medicalized. |
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An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human community. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior. |
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| the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. |
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| a concept referring to a shared culture and way of life. Ethnicity can be reflected in language, religion, material culture such as clothing and food, and cultural products such as music and art. |
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| a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. |
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| unfair treatment of a person, racial group, minority, etc; action based on prejudice |
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| positive or negative cultural attitude directed toward members of a group or social category. It combines beliefs and value judgments with positive or negative emotional predispositions |
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| authoritarian personality |
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| state of mind or attitude characterised by belief in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority, as well as the administration of that belief through the oppression of one's subordinates. |
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| process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group. The term is used both to refer to both individuals and groups, and in the latter case it can refer to either immigrants or native residents that come to be culturally dominated by another society. |
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| view that cultural differences should be respected or even encouraged |
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the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
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| segment of the U.S. population that founded the nation and traced their heritages to...Northwestern Europe. means white anglo saxon protestant |
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an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
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| he practice or custom of having more than one wife at the same time. |
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a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.
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| the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe. |
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| of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line |
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| believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. |
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| marrying within ones race, ethnic group, or religious group |
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| Machismo is the strong or exaggerated sense of masculinity stressing attributes such as physical courage, virility, domination of women, and aggressiveness. |
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| arrangement where two people who are not married live together in an emotionally and/or sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis |
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| Stays in contact with his kids until he becomes Father to another woman's children. Then drops all together. |
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| laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or a minimum grade in school. |
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| intended bneficial consequences of people's actions |
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| unintended beneficial consequences of peoples actions |
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| use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs even though the diploma may be irrelevent to the actual work |
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| Cultural Transmission of Values |
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| the ways in which schools transmit a society's culture |
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| process by which education opens and closes doors of opurtunity |
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| sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or percieved abilities |
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| unwritten goals of schools such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms |
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| principle that schools correspond to the social structure of their society |
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| robert martons term for an originally false assertion that becomes true because it was predicted |
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| higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without an increase in learning. |
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| a high school graduate who has difficulty with basic reading and math |
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| the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values. |
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| the class of workers, especially industrial wage earners, who do not possess capital or property and must sell their labor to survive. |
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| Wrote Ths Communist Manifesto born in Germany spent much of his life in London working and writing in collaboration with Friedrich Engels. |
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| Frenchmen who focused on the division of solidarty and labor. |
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| A german scholar whose task was to analyze and explain how the IR affected social action. |
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| A framework for thinging about and explaining societies are organized and how people in them relate to one another and respond to their surroundings. |
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| the scientific study of human society and social relationships. |
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| principles, statements or ideas that seem to have a general application in a social setup. Often used to label a person based on popular thoughts of their social group. |
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| believed in the functionalist perspective which sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation and broadly focuses on the social structures that shape society as a whole. |
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| The view of Max Weber that sociologists must not allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their scientific research. |
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| a prominent reformer in progressive era. called for women to be able to vote. was a model for all middle class women. first woman awarded nobel peace prize |
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| how important is the family? |
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| the family is an irreplacable unit that gives support to the rest of its members |
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| reasons for a successful marriage give five |
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Definition
think of spouse as best friend
like spouse as a person
think of marriage as long term commitment
believe that marriage is sacred
agree with spouse on aims and goals
strongly want relationship to succeed
spend time together |
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Definition
cheating
money
abuse
lack of commitment
too much arguing
marrying to early
lack of equality
lack of preperation |
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Definition
street crime- crimes done on the streets
white collar crime- crime done by the upperclass
property crime
prostitution
gangs
hate crimes
drug abuse |
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| what are some of the solutions to crime |
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Definition
imprisonment
rehabilitation
death penalty |
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| Problems in the school systems? |
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- mediocrity- teachers are mediocre and do not prepare students for the next grade level
- violence- schools are no longer safe havens for students
- inadequate pay for teacher- teachers are payed low wages causing the brighter students to not want to be a teacher.
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