Term
|
Definition
Definition-inflammation of glomeruli
Common cause: Group A beta streptococcus
Pathophysiology-obstruction of glomeruli
Ischemic damage
Decreased glomerular function
Increased sodium and water in bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diet
Protein: Increased due to high metabolic rate during ARF
Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, phosphorus may be restricted
Fluids: Restricted during oliguria - may need adjustment based on weight, serum sodium levels, fever, and urine output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diet
Children must continue to grow, which requires protein and carbohydrates - protein intake, growth, and weight are carefully monitored, especially in infants and young children
Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, phosphorus may be restricted
Fluids: May be restricted, depending on weight, presence of urine output, and type of dialysis child receives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The principal disorder of the posterior pituitary
Results from hyposecretion of ADH
Produces uncontrolled diuresis
Primary causes: familial or idiopathic
Secondary causes: trauma, tumors, CNS infection, aneurysm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Instruct parents in difference between DI and diabetes mellitus
Daily hormone replacement of vasopressin
Drug of choice: DDAVP
Nasal spray or IV administration
Requires treatment for life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cardinal signs: polyuria and polydipsia
First sign is often enuresis
Infants: irritability relieved with feedings of water but not milk; dehydration often occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism in childhood is Graves’ disease
Believed to be caused by autoimmune response to TSH receptors but no specific etiology
Enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos
Peak incidence 12 to 14 years of age but may be present at birth
Familial association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Therapy is controversial
Goal of therapy: to retard rate of hormone secretion
Treatments
Antithyroid drugs (PTU and methimazole)
Subtotal thyroidectomy
Ablation with radioiodine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the epiglottis
Potentially life-threatening
Usually caused by H. influenzae type B (Hib) - Hib vaccination now required for children
Signs and symptoms: Fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Usually viral cause
Most common: 3months to 4 years of age
Signs: Tachypnea, stridor, seal-like barking cough
Treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation and hyper-responsiveness of airway
Leads to obstruction
Most common chronic illness among children
Pathophysiology
Wheezing, dyspnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inherited autosomal recessive disorder
Pathophysiology
Symptoms: Meconium ileus (infants), fatty stools, chronic cough, frequent infections, poor weight gain, voracious appetite, delayed onset of puberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unusual in childhood
Symptoms: coarse, hacking cough that is worse at night
Treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhalation of any object into the respiratory tract
Food (nuts, popcorn, hot dogs), toys, coins, latex balloons common
Right lung is most common site of obstruction
Clinical manifestations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DC anticoagulants x 1 week
NPO
Consent
Determine:
Congenital heart defects
Cardiac valvular disease
Coronary artery disease
Evaluation of artificial valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Four defects: PS, right ventricular hypertrophy, VSD, overriding aorta
Elevated right heart pressure causes right-to-left shunt
Repair: Surgical
Prognosis: Improved quality of life - may have right ventricular dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| dx that result in decreased pulmonary blood flow |
|
Definition
Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Pulmonary or tricuspid atresia
All increase the workload on the heart and can lead to CHF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial endocarditis, infective endocarditis, or subacute bacterial endocarditis
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Fungal infections
Prophylaxis: 1 hour before procedures (intravenously) or may use orally in some cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammatory disease occurs after Group A
β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis
Infrequently seen in United States; big problem in Third World
Affects joints, skin, brain, serous surfaces, and heart
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
Most common complication of RF
Damage to valves as result of RF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opening in ventricular septum permits left-to-right shunting of blood
Most common heart defect
Closure: Small VSDs may close spontaneously - surgery
Prognosis: High risk if repair needed in first few months of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Narrowed aortic valve obstructs blood flow
Repair
Dilate valve with balloon
Surgical valvuloplasty or valve replacement
Prognosis: May need repeated valve replacements or dilations as child grows - sudden death can occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GI (V & D; phyloric stenosis, malabsorption)
ENDOCRINE (Fever, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis)
LUNGS (Tachypnea)
Skin (Burns)
Kidneys (Renal failure)
Heart (Heart failure) |
|
|
Term
| Classifications of Dehydration |
|
Definition
Mild – Less than 5% loss of body weight
Moderate – 5% to 10% loss of body weight
Severe dehydration – Greater than 10% of body weight
One milliliter of body fluid is approx = to 1 gram of body weight.
Example: 2.2 kg weight loss in 24 hours is equal to 1 L fluid loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Definition:
Return of gastric contents into esophagus
Result of relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
May occur at any time – not necessarily related to having a full stomach
Symptoms
Hunger, irritability
Eat often but lose weight
Hx of vomiting and frequent URI’s |
|
|
Term
| Tracheoesophageal fistula |
|
Definition
| an abnormal connection (fistula) between the esophagus and the trachea. TEF is a common congenital abnormality, but when occurring late in life is usually the sequela of surgical procedures such as a laryngectomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Congenital anomaly which manifests as an obstruction due to inadequate motility and innervation of the colon
Moderate: diet, enema, stool softener
Severe: sx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypertrophic obstruction of circular muscle of pyloric canal
blocks or significantly delays gastric emptying
Rarely diagnosed before 3rd week of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Definition:
Telescoping of one portion of bowel into another; (usually telescoping of the small bowel into the cecum of the large intestine)
Characteristics:
Most cases occur in boys between ages of 3 mos and 6 years
Usually associated with hyperactive peristalsis
Emergency intervention may be required (within 12-24 hours) to prevent gangrene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sudden onset of severe, cramping abdominal pain
“current jelly”-like stools
dark red and clear
Composed of blood and mucus
Palpable sausage-like mass across right and mid quadrants
Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
May resolve spontaneously
Barium enema (or air enema)
Both diagnostic and therapeutic
May “nudge” small intestine back into place
Surgical reduction may be needed |
|
|
