Term
| Association between education and obesity |
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Definition
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Term
| Economic explanations of obesity (caloric intake and energy expenditure) |
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Definition
Price of food declined (increased availability of cheap unhealthy foods)
Shift in work from manual to sedentary (fewer jobs require strenuous energy today and increase in white-collar workers)
* Problem with policy change is that these two things that have caused obesity are good and not things we want to reverse
Technological changes in home food preparation (i.e. microwaves)
Increased female labor force participation |
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Term
| Is there pooling/moral hazard in private insurance |
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Definition
| There is no pooling because obese workers earn less, but no moral hazard |
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Term
| Is there pooling/moral hazard in public insurance |
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Definition
| There is pooling but no moral hazard |
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Term
| What are the externalities of obesity? |
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Definition
Health insurance costs
Disability, morbidity, and mortality costs
Family externalities |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people will take risks because of extra coverage or the protective effect of thinking that other people will cover that extra cost |
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Term
| Does insurance induce moral hazard? |
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Definition
| No because it doesn't make you fat |
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Term
| What do you need for there to be social loss? (2 things) |
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Definition
1. Pooled insurance (where obese people pay less on average) than their expected medical expenses
2. Moral hazard (where health insurance has to make you fat) |
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Term
| Obese workers employed by private health insurance (and wages) |
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Definition
Make up for extra spending by getting reduced wages
However in general both obese and thin people working in places without health insurance tend to make lower wager overall. |
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Term
| What are medical expenditures of the privately insured? thin/obese men vs thin/obese women |
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Definition
Both thin and obese men had same medical expenditures.
Obese women had slightly higher medical expenditures than thin women. |
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Term
| Who pays for obesity in working age populations? |
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Definition
Obese workers at firms with insurance pay for health insurance through lower wages.
Obese workers at firms without health insurance earn the same as thinner colleges (so pay themselves).
With medicare no mechanism to charge higher premiums to obese. |
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Term
| What did the RAND experiment prove about the link of insurance and becoming obese? |
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Definition
| If insurance induces moral hazard then should expect greatest weigh gain among the generous plan but saw no huge effects of weight gain among any plan. |
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Term
| What should we know about effects of food tax? (anemia study) |
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Definition
Taxes every calorie (the 1st and the 2500th)
This can cause undue hardship for the poor
Found that putting a tax on price of beef led to higher rates of anemia (b/c need iron in meat) |
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Term
| What does Deb Brugard believe is the biggest risk to obesity related clinical consequences? |
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Definition
Process of weight cycling
Argues against dieting because about 88-95% of people who try to lose weight end up regaining it |
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Term
| Dieters vs eating disorder patients |
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Definition
Fine line between the two
Tend to have similar attitudes around food and eating
* Are we prescribing for fat people what we diagnose as eating disorders in thin people? |
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Term
| 4 part table of fat and thin vs healthy and unhealthy |
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Definition
| Tend to have the view that thin people are healthy and that fat people are unhealthy ("headless fatties"). However can find unhealthy thin people and healthy fat people. |
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Term
| Main Findings of Rehkopf et al. |
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Definition
Race factor
Body dissatisfaction a factor
SOOO MANY FACTORS |
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Term
| Arguments for Complex system not isolated variables as cause for obesity |
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Definition
Look at various systems:
Physical Activity - for pleasure/work/transportation/etc
Psychology - self esteem, stress, food literacy
Energy Balance - food in/food out vs availability
Physiology - disease, exercise level
Consumption - food availability, dietary restriction/choices
Food Production
etc |
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Term
| 4 parts of complex systems approach |
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Definition
1. Interactions and subgroup effects
2. Broader perspective on causes
3. Accurate Projections
4. Bias in traditional research |
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Term
| Describe how the built environment impacts obesity |
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Definition
-urban sprawl may influence amount of car vs physically active travel
-may affect health behaviors such as food availability and alcohol access |
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Term
| Relationship between 'walkable' environments and physical activity |
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Definition
| walkable environments can increase walking for transport, but unclear on leisure type activity or affect on subgroups (children, seniors, etc) |
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Term
| Identify possible solutions to obesity epidemic involving built environment |
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Definition
- increase connectivity for walking/bicycling
- develop main streets/areas to provide attractive walking destinations
- make pedestrian travel ways safe and attractive
- reduce ease for cars
- multi disciplinary approach that assess people with specific environments |
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Term
| Sturm Article - Soda taxes |
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Definition
Soda consumption is price sensitive, but weakly assoc. with weight levels
Study pop- Early Childhood Longitudinal Study beginning 1998
Variable- BMI, consumption of sugar sweetened beverage
-Compared to state grocery soda tax
-Among children at risk for obesity, taxes can affect outcomes
-taxes most likely to affect consumption at school |
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Term
| Drewnowski - Cost of food related to nutritive value |
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Definition
Energy dense = cheap
Fruits and vegetables, less energy dense, but more expensive |
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Term
| Health effects of weight stigma |
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Definition
| Either make people more discouraged or turn to disordered eating behaviors |
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Term
| What can you tell by looking at a fat person? |
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Definition
| ONLY that they are obese (not that they exercise or eating) |
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Term
| What are some key messages of health at every size? |
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Definition
Intuitive eating
Joy of movement
Size and self-acceptance
Health enhancement
End to weight bias |
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Term
| What role does the employer play? |
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Definition
Usual source of health insurance
General health promotion at workplace |
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Term
| What benefits do employers get from offering health care to employee? |
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Definition
Increased productivity
Less stressed/healthy workforce
Create a fun environment that helps with recruitment
Retention
Competitive market |
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Term
| Problem of poor employee health |
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Definition
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Term
| What is health promotion? |
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Definition
| Information, education, programs & services intended to improve one's health status or to reduce one's risk for illness and injury |
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Term
| Benefits of integrating obesity and eating disorder prevention |
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Definition
Often find co-occurrence of disorders and diagnostic criteria
Overweight at increased risk for EDs
Practical: reduced costs, unified message, minimize risk of unintentional harm
Areas of overlap: media literacy/use, body acceptance, healthy eating/exercise |
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Term
| What types of strategies are included in a combined obesity/ED approach? |
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Definition
General health message
No focus on weight
CBT strategies for healthy eating and activity
Areas of overlap: media literacy/use, body acceptance, healthy eating/exercise |
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Term
| What is one criticism of combining approach of obesity/ed? |
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Definition
| Making weight such a stigma by not talking about it at all |
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Term
| What are Stanford's efforts in health promotion? |
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Definition
| BEWELL (self health assessment and making a plan) |
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