1. Replication - the genotypic function

2. Gene expression - the phenotypic function

3. Mutation - the evolutionary function

1. A phosphate group

2. A 5 carbon sugar (pentose)

3. A cyclic nitrogen containing base

Purine - Guanine, adedine

Pyrimidine - Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

True or False;

DNA and RNA are single stranded molecules

True or False;

The functional DNA molecules in cells are negatively supercoiled

True or False;

Prokaryotes have more than one pair of genes (they are polyploid)

True or False;

In eukaryotes, each chromosome contains a single large molecule of DNA

5 classes -

H1, H2a, H2b, H3, H4

1. To protect the ends of linear DNA molecules form deoxyribonucleases

2. To prevent fusion of chromosomes

3. To facilitate complete replication of the ends of linear DNA molecules

1. Chain intiation

2. Chain extension (elogation)

3. Chain termination

True or False;

Lagging strand is discontinuous and goes 3' - 5'

False;

Laggind strand is discontinuous but goes 5' - 3' and is subsequently joined by a DNA ligase

It contains the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme.

It has 2 catalytic cores, 1 replicates on the leading strand, and the other replicates on the lagging strand.

- shorter RNA primers and okazaki fragments

- DNA replication only during S phase

- multiple origins of replication

- Telomeres

- nucleosomes

They are a unique nucleotide sequence at the end of a chromosome which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighbouring.

They are added to chromosomes by telomerase 

- Precusors are ribonucleoside triphosphates rather than deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates

-Only one strand of DNA is used as a template for the complementary RNA

-RNA synthesis can be initiated de novo (without a primer)

1. Binding of RNA polymerase holoenzyme to a promoter region of DNA

2. Localized unwinding of 2 DNA strands by RNA polymerase to provide a single stranded template

3. Formation of phosphodiester bonds between the first few ribonucleotides in the nascent RNA chain

1. 7-methyl guanosine caps are added to the 5' end of the primary transcript

2. Poly(A) tails are added to the 3' end of the transcript through cleavage rather than termination of chain extention

3. when present, non-coding regions called introns are spliced out of transcripts

TATA box and CAAT box are located at the same position in the promoters of most nuclear gene encoding proteins.

TATA box (TATAAAA)

CAAT box (GGCCAATCT)

GC box and octomer boxes may be present or absent. When present they occur at many different locations, either singly or in multiple pairs.

Octomer box (ATTTGCAT)

GC box (GGGCGG)

What does colinear mean? and how does it relate to nucleotide pairs?

Think APE (aminoacyl, peptidyl, exit)

1. Aminoacyl site - binds the incoming aminocyl tRNA, the tRNA carrying the next a.a to be added to the growing pollpeptide chain

2. Peptidyl site - binds the tRNA to which the growing polypeptide is attached

3. Exit site - binds the departing uncharged tRNA

Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide can be divided in to 3 stages, what are they?

1. polypeptide chain Initiation

2. chain Elongation

3. chain Termination

Non-overlapping means that 1 a.a specifies for 1 codon

Degenerate means that 1 a.a is specified by 2 or 4 codons

Ordered means that similar a.a are specified by related codons

True or False;

Some tRNA can recognize more than one codon

The Wobble hypothesis goes off of the believe that since base pairing at the 3rd codon site is less strict (unlike the 1st 2 sites) on the anticodon of the tRNA and the codon of the mRNA, a 'wobble' is allowed (which in turn would allow for several diff types of base pairing on the anticodon

So the wobble hypothesis predicts that when an inosine is presnt at the 5' ebd of the anticodon (the wobble position), that it will base-pair with uracil, cytosine, and adenine