Term
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Definition
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Term
| If GFR is less than ___ mL/min for 3 months they have kidney disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| t/f opting to go off of dialysis is a death sentence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| underdevelopment of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| Glomerular Filtration Rate |
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Term
| Age related renal changes |
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Definition
decreased GFR
drugs are retained because kidney cannot clear it out |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intravenous palvogram- check for shellfish allergies |
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Term
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Definition
| two kidneys are fused at upper or lower pole; does not affect function, however ureters cross and place at risk for developing hydronephrosis |
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Term
| t/f horse shoe kidney is common |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
water inside the kidney
distention and dilation of renal pelvis and calyces |
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Term
| inflammatory disorder of renal pelvis and parenchyma |
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Definition
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Term
| pyelonephritis most commonly (BACTERIA/VIRAL) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and removes metabolic wastes |
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| water and electrolytes are reabsorbed |
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Term
|
Definition
solutes are reabsorbed
substances are secreted into the filtrate, concentrating the urine |
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Term
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Definition
| water and sodium are reabsorbed by ADH and aldosterone |
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Term
| where does the bladder lie in males? |
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Definition
| in front of the rectum and above the prostate gland |
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Term
| where does the bladder lie in females |
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Definition
| front of the uterus and vagina |
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Term
| why are women more prone to UTIs? |
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Definition
| short urethra and proximity of the urinary meatus to the vagina and anus |
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Term
| when do the stretch receptors in the bladder begin to respond? |
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Definition
| between 250-450 mL of urine |
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Term
| voluntary control of the bladder is only possible if: |
|
Definition
1. the nerves supplying the bladder and urethra are intact
2. the neural tracts of the cord and brain are intact
3. and the motor area of the cerebrum are intact |
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Term
| what is urine composed of? |
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Definition
96% water
4% solutes such as:
organic solutes: urea, ammonia, creatinine, and uric acid
inorganic solutes: sodium, chloride, potassium, sulfate, magnesium, and phosphorus |
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Term
| at ____-_____ months, child begins to recognize bladder fullness and is able to hod urine beyond the urge to void |
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Definition
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Term
| full urinary control usually occurs at age ___ or ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| when does the kidney reach its maximum size? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood urea nitrogen normal values |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| xray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| intravenous pyelography- radiographic study used to evaluate urinary tract structures |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguish minor differences in the density of tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| noninvasive test that uses reflected sound waves to visualize the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| bladder, ureteral orifice, and urethra can be visualized using a cystoscope, a lighted instrument inserted through the urethra |
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Term
| normal daily intake of fluids |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f dilute urine and frequent urination reduce the risk of urinary tract infection as well as stone formation |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f increased fluid intake may be contraindicated for patients with kidney failure or heart failure |
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Definition
| true- prevents fluid overload and edema |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to control functions of elimination |
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Term
| t/f incontinent patients are susceptible to skin breakdown |
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Definition
| true- skin that is continually moist becomes macerated (softened by soaking). the urine accumulates and converts to ammonia which irritates the skin further. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| specific gravity of urine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
eliminating large amounts of urine
can be caused by: caffeine, alcohol, diuretics, thrist, dehydration, weight loss, DM, DI, Kidney disease |
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Term
|
Definition
low amounts of urine
no urine
caused by
decreased fluid intake
dehydration
hypotension, shock, heart failure
kidney disease
renal failure- elevated BUN, creatinine, edema and hypertension |
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Term
|
Definition
voiding more than usual
oiding two or more times at night
caused by
pregnancy
increased fluid intake
UTI
stress |
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Term
|
Definition
feeling that voiding must occur immediately
caused by
psychological stress
UTI |
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|
Term
|
Definition
painful or difficult urination
UTI, inflammation or injury
hesitancy, hematuria, pyuria (pus in urine), frequency
burning may accompany/follow |
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Term
|
Definition
involuntary discharge of urine after voluntary control has normally been reached
family history
difficult access to toilets
home stressors |
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Term
| t/f the larger the number on the French scale, the larger the lumen |
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Definition
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Term
| inflammation that affects the kidney pelvis and parenchyma |
|
Definition
pyelonephritis
acute- abrupt bacterial infection
chronic- associated with other disease processes
kidney becomes edematous with abscesses forming, causing kidney damage |
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Term
|
Definition
pregnancy
obstruction
congenital malformations |
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|
Term
| commonly offending organism in pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
| Escherichia coli (E. Coli) |
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Term
|
Definition
quickly occur (abrupt)
elevated temp
chills
malaise
vomiting
flank pain
symptoms similar to cystitis may occur |
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Term
| S&S chronic pyelonephritis |
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Definition
scarring
fibrosis within renal pelvis and adjoining structures
causes chronic renal failure |
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Term
| diagnosis and treatment of pyelonephritis |
|
Definition
diagnosis:
IVP, KUB, voiding cystourethrography (assesses bladder and urethral functions), cystoscopy, LABS- WBC, BUN, creatinine
Treatment:
antibiotics
antimicrobials: sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxin) |
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|
Term
| t/f in acute pyelonephritis response to medication is quick, chronic can take 21 days |
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Definition
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Term
| age related changes in kidney |
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Definition
glomeruli are lost reducing kidney mass- renal function remains adequate unless additional stressors affect renal system
GFR declines
Kidneys less able to concentrate and compensate for salt intake levels
risk for dehydration because of diminished response to ADH and diminished thirst response |
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Term
|
Definition
gunshot and stab wounds
crushing injuries
forceful blows can result in tears
hemorrhage
penetration
may result in bruising or tearing of kidney and its capsule
S&S vary depending on area and type of injury:
anuria, hematuria, abdominal pain, pain in bladder/kidney, shock |
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Term
|
Definition
| functional tissue of the kidney- consists of nephrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| extracorporal shockwave lithrotripsy |
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Term
| familial disease characterized by an enlarged kidney with multiple fluid-filled cysts |
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Definition
polycystic kidney disease
as the cysts fill and expand, the kidney accommodates the growing cysts by enlarging. the cysts slowly begin to damage the nephrons |
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Term
| S&S polycystic kidney disease |
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Definition
kidney pain in the flank area
hematuria
proteinuria
polyuria
htn
uti
stones
palpable kidneys
may result in renal failure |
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Term
| diagnosis and treatment of polycystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
dxn: ultrasound to diagnose cysts
txn: maintain function and prevention are goals of treatment
increase fluid intake 2500 mL/day
antihypertensives
hemodialysis
kidney transplant |
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Term
| t/f polycystic kidney disease is autosomal dominant disorder which means if you have the gene (chromosome) you have the disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| proteinuria and its relationship to hematuria |
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Definition
| proteins are large and are forced through the ureters/urethra and cause tears that hemorrhage into the urine |
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|
Term
inflammatory disease of the glomerulus affecting kidney function
structure and function are affected; increased permeability results in S&S of glomerular disorders; diffuse or focal environment
hematuria/proteinuria result of damage glomerular capillary membrane
allows blood cells and protein to escape into filtrate
azotemia results as GFR falls
filtration/elimination decrease
oliguria
hypoalbuminuria reduces oncotic pressure- which leads to edema |
|
Definition
glomerulonephritis
leading cause of crf in us
50% on dialysis
12,000 deaths/year |
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Term
| primary glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
| mainly kidney- immunologic or idiopathic in origin |
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Term
| secondary glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
| multisystem disease or hereditary condition; DM, SLE, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| hematuria, proteinuria, azotemia (nitrogen), HTN |
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|
Term
| t/f proteinuria is most important indicator of glomerular injury |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sodium and water retention contribute to |
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Definition
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|
Term
| htn in renal issues is caused by |
|
Definition
| retention of fluids and disruption in renin-angiotensin system |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pre-dominant form of glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
post-streptococcal
group a beta0hemolytic strep
hepatitis b
mumps
chicken pox |
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Term
| acute glomerulonephritis s&s |
|
Definition
abrupt hematuria proteinuria
na and water retention
azotemia
oliguria (400 mL/day)
urine cocoa/coffee colored
htn
edema
fatigue
ha
n/v
anorexia |
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|
Term
| slow, progressive inflammation resulting in sclerosis, scarring, and damage to the glomeruli with the loss of some nephrons; kidneys begin to atrophy, becoming granular and losing function. usually SLE consequence |
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Definition
| chronic glomerulonephritis |
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|
Term
| chronic glomerulonephritis s&s |
|
Definition
slow onset
not usually diagnosed until renal failure signs become apparent
diabetic nephropathy
microproteinuria
gfr impaired
nephritis, proteinuria, hematuria, renal failure- in pt with systemic lupus erythematosus |
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|
Term
| t/f acute glomerulonephrosis less favorable In children than adults |
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Definition
| false! adults worse than kids! |
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|
Term
| what is most reliable diagnostic procedure in glomerulonephrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs for glomerulonephrosis |
|
Definition
no drug to cure
treat disorders and manage symptoms
antibiotics
antihypertensives/diuretics
corticosteroids for inflammation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| to treat rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis; restricted sodium intake when edema is significant |
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|
Term
| renin -> angiotensin I -> angiotensin ii -> aldosterone ->reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood -> increases volume of fluid in body -> increases BP |
|
Definition
renin angiotensin system
renin- enzyme- catalyst
aldosterone- hormone- makes things happen |
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|
Term
| if azotemia, nursing care? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| if proteinuria, nursing care? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| neoplastic disorder of kidney |
|
Definition
cancer
primary- metastatic malignant neoplasms
benign- infrequent- found on autopsy
renal cell carcinoma most common
metastatic lesions associated with lung and breast cancer, melanoma and malignant lymphoma
males>females
>55 y/o
smoking and chronic renal calculi are risk factors
classic triad- gross hematuria, flank pain, palpable abdominal mass
fever, fatigue, weight loss, anemia, polycythemia |
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|
Term
| condition in which kidneys are unable to carry out the normal functions necessary to eliminate waste products and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance |
|
Definition
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