Term
These patients are not dependent on insulin for immediate survival, and ketosis rarely develops, except under conditions of great physical stress.
Who are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| What races are more at risk for Type 2 DM? |
|
Definition
| Native americans, Hispanic americans and AA |
|
|
Term
| Who/What age group is more at risk for Type 2 DM? |
|
Definition
Over 45
Obese
Gestational DM
High LDL
|
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Term
Dx test levels for Type 2 DM?
(fasting and non-fasting plasma glucose) |
|
Definition
Fasting >126
Non-fasting >200 with polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia |
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Term
| You have a 6 year old male patients with complaints of fatigue and weight loss even though he is still eating for the past 3 months. He is also thristy a lot. What would be top of your DDX? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the mneumonic for S/S of hyperparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
| Bones, stones, groans, and moans |
|
|
Term
| What electrolyte abnormality is associated with hyperparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid deposition of calcium and phosphorus into bone with hyperparathyroidism |
|
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Term
| What is a positive Chvostek's sign? |
|
Definition
| When you tap on the facial nerve near the ear and there is twitching all over the facial muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What do you have to give in addition to calcium with hypoparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is pseudohypoparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
| Normal PTH levels but an inability to respond to it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grave's disease and overdose of thyroxine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tachycardia, weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, HTN |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology for Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicle |
|
|
Term
| Drug causes of hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| Lithium, Sulfas, Amiodarone |
|
|
Term
| Is radioiodide uptake high or low in Grave's Disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first line treatment for hypercholesterolemia? |
|
Definition
| diet and exercise; statins if refractory |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for cholesterol and lipid deposits on the eyelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal LDL level in treatment of a hypercholesterolemic patient with few risk factors? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What hormone does the pituitary release that affects the adrenal glands? What hormone does the adrenal glands secrete in response to that hormone? |
|
Definition
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)from pituitary
Cortisol from the adrenals |
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|
Term
What is the most common disease of adrenal insufficiency in the U.S.?
What about the the world? |
|
Definition
Addison's disease (accounts for 80%) wow!!
TB has historically been MCC in world. |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary diseases with respect to the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
Primary is a problem with the organ itself
Secondary is a problem centrally (with pituitary or hypothalamus) |
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|
Term
| Why do you see hyperpigmentation in adrenal insufficiency? |
|
Definition
| ACTH is released in excess due to the low levels of cortisol. ACTH causes skin pigment change. |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Cushing's Syndrome? |
|
Definition
Dexamethasone suppression test.
Can do salivary cortisol level as well or a 24 hour urine free cortisol level. |
|
|
Term
| How can you determine if overproduction of cortisol is due to the adrenal gland or the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| Get a serum ACTH level. If low, it is adrenal autonomous secretion. If high, it is pituitary secretion or exogenous source. |
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Term
| What is the treatment of choice for a pituitary adenoma? |
|
Definition
| Transsphenoidal resection of adenoma |
|
|
Term
| You have a low serum TSH, low serum free T4, and a low T3. What is your differential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushing's is usually caused by excessive exogenous corticosteroid. What is the most common endogenous cause? |
|
Definition
| ACTH hypersecretion by a benign pituitary adenoma (40%) |
|
|
Term
| Central obesity, purple striae, hirsutism, HTN, DM, osteoporosis and renal calculi point to what Dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test and with what result indicates a Dx of Cushing's? |
|
Definition
| Dexamethasone suppression test with an increased cortisol level. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Large quantities of alcohol |
|
|
Term
| How is Cushing's usually treated? |
|
Definition
| Surgical - transsphenoidal resection of adenoma |
|
|
Term
| Bell clapper deformity could potentially lead to what problem? |
|
Definition
| Testicular torsion (no posterior attachment) |
|
|
Term
| What emergency situation should be considered in a young male with lower abdominal or testicular pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the test of choice for testicular torsion? |
|
Definition
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