• comical greek playwright
• author of The Clouds
• Mocks Socrates very sarcastically and rudely

• Cheap and arrogant son of Strepsiades
• receptive pupil for the subtle rhetoric
• taught by Socrates
• egotistic, cruel, ruthless

• Athenian citizen
• burdened by his son, Pheidippides
• "anti-hero" of The Clouds
• dishonest aim: striking debts rather than paying them
• frustrates Socrates
• foil to Socrates' pure intellectualism

• personified school of thought
• foil to the wrong argument
• "old" or "traditional" system of education
• stressed obedience, reverence for elders, values indoctrinated in poetry, physical fitness
• downfall: overdeveloped sense of "physical"

• personified school of thought
• represents all that is wrong with Sophistry and "new education"
• smug and disdainful
• Socrates teaches this argument
• technically weaker, but rhetorically stronger

Author of epic Greek poetry, most notably

The Iliad

• son of Peleus and Thetis
• most powerful warrior in the Iliad
• Commander of the Myrmidons
• Achaean allies
• easily offended when he feels his honor is being slighted
• his wrath towards Agamemnon is the main subject of the Iliad

• Achaean king of Mycenae
• Husband of Clytemnestra
• Brother of Menelaus
• Commander of the Achaean armies
• warprize, Briseis
• Sacrificed his daughter, Iphigenia, in order to have a safe, windless, trip home
• murdered by his wife

• Achaean king of Sparta
• brother of Agamemnon
• Husband of Helen of Troy
• His wife is taken by Paris
• much quieter and less arrogant than his brother

• beloved friend and student of Achilles
• wears Achilles armor in an effort to help the Achaeans, but ends up being killed
• killed by Hector
• Myrmidon

• wife of Menelaus
• Has an affair with Paris
• Her abduction from Sparta, by Paris, was the start of the Trojan War

• Commander of the Trojan armies
• mightiest warrior of the Trojans 
• Son of Priam
• Brother of Paris
• Husband of Andromache
• Resents Paris for bringing great war upon the Trojans

• King of Troy
• Father of Hector and Paris
• too old to fight, respects the armies and is very level headed

• Achaean king of Pylos
• his age has brought him great wisdom
• advisor to military commanders, notably Agamemnon
• deft and persuasive orator
• gives long speeches

• king of the gods
• Brother and husband of Hera
• Claims neutrality in the mortals' war, but often helps the Trojans because Thetis(Achilles' mom) asked for his help
• father of the Olympians and many mortals
• Spheres include: water, sky, weather, hospitality, punishment, sending of omens, and governance

• goddess
• daughter of Zeus
• defender of the Achaeans
• patron of human ingenuity and resourcefullness
• favors Greek Odysseus

• Goddess of the Sea
• Wife of Peleus
• Mother of Achilles
• gets Zeus to help the Trojans
• commissions Hephestus to design Achilles' armor

• Queen of the gods
• daughter of Cronus and Rhea
• Wife and sister of Zeus
• Defender of the Achaeans
• hates the Trojans

• youngest of the Achaean commanders
• wounds two gods
• King of Argos

• Great Ajax and Little Ajax
• Great Ajax is a commander and the second mightiest warrior, after Achilles
• Oftentimes fight alongside one another

• ancient Greek playwright
• father of trajedy
• author of Agamemnon

• wife of Agamemnon
• Rules Argos in her husband's absence
• Murders Agamemnon in revenge for sacrificing their daughter, Iphigenia

• Achaean killed by Hector
• Son of Agamemnon
• Trojan killed by Leonteus

• daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra
• Sacrificed by her father in exchange fo fair winds on the fleet's trip home

• Agamemnon's cousin
• Clytemnestra's lover, helps in her plot to kill Agamemnon

• Seduced Atreus' wife and disputed Atreus' rule of Argos
• Run out of town by Atreus
• Returned to town pretending to bring supplies, brought his soon to be murdered children
• Ate the flesh of his own children, and cursed Atreus for murdering them
• Ran out of town with his only surving son, Ageisthus

• Classical Greek Philopsopher
• Founder of the Academy in Athens
• Mentor: Socrates
• Student: Aristotle
• Author of the The Republic

• a sophist
• preached a creed of subjective morality to the wealthy sons of Athens 
• didnt think any actions were right or wrong, but simply advantageous or disadvantageous
• Justice: nothing but the advantage of the stronger

• major conversant in the Republic
• Plato's older brother
• questioner during the allegory of the cave
• opposes the statements about justice of Thrasymacus
• philasophical foil to Socrates

• a kind of impatient, energetic, poetic foil for Socrates
• seeks instant knowledge

• A wealthy and retired old businessman
• admired by Socrates
• exemplifies an experienced man who has tried to live a good life
• he and Socrates begin the dialogue with a friendly conversation

• major speaker in the Republic
• name means "master of life"
• advances all of Plato's theories
• a persona for Plato himself

• Greek philosopher
• student of Plato
• along with Plato and Socrates, he is one of the most influencial characters of Western philosophy

• author of the Aeneid
• classical Roman poet

• ancestor of Rome's first emperor
• embodied all of the virtues admired by the Romans (steadfastness, courage, patience, etc.)
• moral prototype
• he is almost "too good to be true"

• Queen of Carthage
• Aeneas' female counterpart
• an antagonist, strong, determined, heroic
• rules Carthage fairly and justly
• She is manipulated by Venus and Juno, and becomes infatuated with Aeneas
• Aeneas must leave for Rome, she kills herself

• mother of Aeneas
• with the help of Juno, gets Aeneas to settle with Dido in Carthage
• recognizes the power of fate

• king of the gods
• husband of Juno
• wise, prophetic father
• supports the Trojans

• Prince, and leader of the Latin tribes
• opposes settlement of Trojans in Latium
• motivated by pride and fame
• doomed future

• passive and one-dimensional
• Aeneas' second wife
• no will of her own and no personal expression

• philosopher and theologian
• one of the most influencial characters of the developement of western christianity
• latin church father
• author of Confessions and On Christian Teaching

• had a dualistic theology
• realm of God and the realm of Satan
• spread quickly throughout the Roman Empire and China
• two classes: the elect and the sinners

• mother of Augustine
• inspired her son's christianity
• very virtuous

• an american educator, philosopher and author
• Author of "Teaching, Learning, and Their Counterfeits"
• Believed indoctrination is not genuine teaching
• Teaching is a cooperative art

1. How should I live my life?
2. What is human nature?
3. What are human beings for?
4. What is justice?
5. What motivates human beings to do what they do?
6. What story/narrative should serve as the foundation for my life?
7. What is the meaning of community? Why does community matter?

1. To teach you how to engage in timeless texts with a critical mind
2. To teach you how to write better
3. to teach you how to have a conversation about important ideas
4. To assist you in learning how to make persuasive arguments
5. To introduce you to the most powerful minds from the western intellectual tradition
6. To teach you how and why to read books that matter

• theme of The Iliad
• Achilles' rage is the central cause for the conflict in the poem, his decision to rejoin the fight is the climax (Greeks)

• Odysseus (Greeks) makes a plan to infiltrate Troy by hiding soldiers inside a hollow horse, a gift for the gods & Trojans
• Several Trojans encourage their fellow citizens to reject the gift, but they are silenced

• celebration of the life of the dead, Achilles participates to celebrate Patroclus' death
• 12 days
• Takes place in both The Iliad and The Aeneid
• Aeneas holds funeral games to commemorate the death of his father

• Elite Greeks (Odysseus, Ajax, Nestor, Pheonix) beg Achilles to rejoin the fight

• Achilles' troops/ students of his fighting skills

• from Agamemnon by Aeschylus
• Agamemnon returns to Greece victorious

• the divided line of Plato
• the world of mind and of things thought
• knowledge
• mathematical and dialectic thought
• thought images, ideas, or ideals
• Seek "the good", like we seek God

• Plato's Idea 
• The intelligible: Forms, intellection, the mathematical objects, thought
• The visible: things, trust, images, imagination
• The sun v. the good

• Celphalus: telling truth & giving back what one takes
• Polemarchus: doing good to friends & harm to enemies
• Thrasymachus: advantage of the stronger
• minding one's own business

• appetitive:desire for physical satisfaction or pleasure
• irascible: desire for revenge or recognition
• spirited: desire for knowledge or truth 

• Plato's Republic
• allows wearer to become invisible, poses the question, will a human be moral if he/she knows there will be no consequences

• Plato's Republic
• Those tied up in the cage only see shadows and must be led through the rough ascent(teaches humans to see the light)

• wisdom
• courage
• moderation 
• justice
• (those are the 4 cardinal virtues of Plato)

• the highest position, best of the guardians 
• the ultimate ruler 
• wisdom is their virtue
• will ultimately rule the city
• Gold souls
• "Then the man who's going to be a fine and good guardian of the city for us will in his nature be philosophic, spirited, swift, and strong."
• "the philosophers rule as kings"

• conclusion to the Republic/Book 10
• Er arises from his funeral pyre
• Gives way to the idea that moral people are rewarded in the afterlife 

• aim at the mean 
• Examples: wittiness, friendliness, generosity, courage, patience, honesty, magnificence, mangamnity 

1. Art:must result in a product

2. Science:necessary and eternal

3. Intelligence:the principles from which science proceeds

4. Theoretical wisdom:science and intelligence

5. Practical wisdom:making good decisions

• faith
• hope 
• love

• Mean of excess and deficiency
• come with practice 
• Must be done voluntarily

• the aim of moral virtues 
• between excess and deficiency 
• examples: wittiness rather than buffoonery or boorishness

• Aristotle's Nicomichean Ethics
• Voluntary Actions: Not under compulsion and knowledge of the circumstances
• Involuntary Actions:

• 3 Types of Friendship
• Utility, Pleaure, Goodness
• Utility: mutual benefit, aka business partnership
• Pleaure: for personal benefit
• Goodness: mutual friendship based on bettering the other person

• look after his 3 sons and make sure that they exemplify goodness and not selfish interests

• Gadfly:small, insignificant, annoying::trying to wake people up from their ignorance

• Plato: believes you are predestined, born into your fate
• Virgil: believes everything is ruled by fate, cannot escape your destiny
• Augustine: free will, but many things are predestined (Coexist)
• Aristotle: anyone can achieve goodness and virtue if you try, shoot for the mean

• Fate is Destiny

• Augustine: the will (God's will) itself is "incorruptable"
• Free will can be corrupted

• Can be good or bad
• Augustine struggles with earthly desires in his youth, after his conversion his main desire is to glorify the Lord

• Vital in eloquent speaking
• vital in wisdom
• Wisdom cannot be conveyed without eloquence
• 3 styles: subtle, mixed and grand

• Faith, in Augustine, is belief in God without concrete evidence
• Grace: Augustine was extremely sinful, but God forgave him and blessed his life after conversion

• On Christian Teaching
• Signs: "things which are employed to signify something" (aka things that signify other things)

• Process of discovering what we need to learn
• Process of presenting what we have learned

Use: utilizing items for one's needs

Enjoyment: enjoying an item for more than its use

Examples (use/enjoyment):

food for nourishment/taste

clothing for warmth/style

• Grand style: utilizing rhetorical strategies to exhude emotions in the audience (passion)
• Mixed style: mix of grand and subtle style
• Subtle (restrained) style: uses reason, facts and valid points

•  Ancient philosophers understood eudaimonia to be the highest human good
• Aristotle used this in Ethics in relation to the good at which all means aim