Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Group Dynamics
N/a
67
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/05/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Additive Task
Definition
A task or project that a group can complete by cumulatively combining individual members’ inputs.
Term
Ambiance
Definition
The psychological reaction (mood, feelings, emotions) evoked by a setting.
Term
Big 5 Personality
Definition
the five dimensions are
extraversion,
agreeableness,
conscientiousness,
neuroticism, and
openness to experience;
Term
Leadership
Definition
authoritarian, or autocratic, leader
The democratic Leader
The laissez-faire
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
A method for enhancing creativity in groups that calls for heightened expressiveness, post- poned evaluation, quantity rather than quality, and deliberate attempts to build on earlier ideas.
Term
Charismatic Leadership
Definition
Jim Jones is an Example
Moral fortitude, Believable...?
Term
CoLeadership
Definition
Two or more individuals sharing the or- ganizational, directive, and motivational duties of the leadership role.
Term
Collective Information Sharing (Shared information Bias)
Definition
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know (shared information) and less time examining in- formation that only a few members know (unshared).
Term
Common ingroup identity model
Definition
recommends reducing bias by shifting group members’ representations of themselves away from two separate groups into one common ingroup category.
Term
Compensatory Task
Definition
A task or project that a group can complete by literally averaging together (mathematically combining) individual members’ solutions or recommendations.
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
The tendency to seek out information that confirms one’s inferences rather than disconfirms them.
Term
Conflict Spiral
Definition
A spiral model of conflict intensification accurately describes the unfolding of violence at Robbers Cave. The conflict began with minor irritations and annoyances but built in intensity.
Term
Conjunctive tasks
Definition
A task that can be completed successfully only if all group members contribute.
Term
Contact Hypothesis
Definition
The prediction that contact be- tween the members of different groups will reduce inter- group conflict.
Term
Contingency Theory
Definition
a leader’s success is determined by his or her leadership style and the favorability of the group situation. Genrally this is any analysis of leadership that suggests that the effectiveness of leaders depends on the interaction of their personal characteris- tics and the group situation.
Term
Density Intensity Hypothesis
Definition
An explanation of crowding proposed by Jonathan Freedman, predicting that high density makes unpleasant situations more unpleasant but pleasant situations more pleasant.
Term
Discontinuity Effect
Definition
The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups, relative to the competitiveness of individuals interacting with other individuals.
Term
Disjunctive Task
Definition
A task or project that is completed when a single solution, decision, or recommendation is adopted by the group.
Term
Encounter Group
Definition
A form of sensitivity training that provides individuals with the opportunity to gain deep interpersonal intimacy with other group members.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The belief that one’s own tribe, region, or country is superior to other tribes, regions, or countries.
Term
foot-in-the-door technique
Definition
A method of influence in which the influencer first makes a very small request that the target will probably agree to; once the target agrees to the minor request, he or she is more likely to agree to the influencer’s more important request.
Term
(GROUP) fundamental attribution error (FAE)
Definition
The tendency to overestimate the causal influence of dispositional fac- tors and underemphasize the causal influence of situa- tional factors.
Term
Interpersonal Group Psychotherapy
Definition
Individuals seeking treatment for a psychological prob- lem who meet as a group with a trained mental health professional.
Term
Group performance – reasons to expect groups to succeed
Definition
Term
Group performance – reasons why groups don’t do as well as expected
Definition
Term
Group polarization
Definition
The tendency for members of a de- liberating group to move to a more extreme position, with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members’ predeliberation preferences.
Term
Groupthink
Definition
Overestimation of the group: illusion of invulnerability and illusion of morality
Closed-mindedness: rationalizations, stereotypes about the outgroup
Pressures toward uniformity: selfcensorship, the illusion of unanimity
Term
Implicit leadership theory
Definition
Group members’ taken-for-granted assumptions about the traits, character- istics, and qualities that distinguish leaders from the people they lead.
Term
intergroup conflict
vs. intragroup conflict
Definition
A disagreement between two or more groups

Disagreement between members of the same group.
Term
Interpersonal zone
Definition
Intimate-Touching to 18 inches
Personal-18 inches to 4 feet
Social- 4 feet to 12 feet
Public-12 feet or more
Remote-Different locations
Term
Jigsaw method
Definition
A team-learning technique developed by Elliot Aronson and his colleagues that involves assign- ing topics to each student, allowing students with the same topics to study together, and then requiring these students to teach their topics to the other members of their groups.
Term
KSAs and their importance
Definition
Acronym for knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics that are needed to complete a job or task successfully.
Term
Leader emergence vs. effectiveness (and predictors of each)
Definition
Term
leader-member exchange
Definition
A dyadic, relational approach to leadership assuming that leaders develop exchange relationships with each of their subordinates, and that the quality of these leader–member exchange (LMX) relationships influences subordinates’ responsibility, decision influence, access to resources, and performance.
Term
Lewin’s Law
(Lewin’s law of change)
Definition
Basic principle of attitude and behavioral change, proposed by Kurt Lewin, stating that individuals are more easily changed when they are part of a group.
Term
mediators
vs.
arbitrators
Definition
One who intervenes between two persons who are experiencing conflict, with a view to reconciling them.

the disputants pres- ent their arguments to the mediator, who then bases his or her decision on the information they provide.
Term
Nominal group
Definition
groups created by having individuals work alone and then pooling their ideas (a group “in name” only).
Term
Overload
Definition
A psychological reaction to situations and ex- periences that are so cognitively, perceptually, or emo- tionally stimulating that they tax or even exceed the individual’s capacity to process incoming information.
Term
Persuasive-arguments
Definition
An explanation of po- larization in groups assuming that group members change their opinions during group discussion, generally adopt- ing the position favored by the majority of the members, because the group can generate more arguments favoring that position.
Term
Procedural Conflict
Process Conflict
Definition
Disagreement over the methods the group should use to complete its basic tasks.
Term
Procedural justice
Definition
Perception of the fairness and legit- imacy of the methods used to make decisions, resolve disputes, and allocate resources; also, in judicial contexts, the use of fair and impartial procedures.
Term
Psychodrama
Definition
A therapeutic tool developed by Jacob Moreno that stimulates active involvement in the group session through role playing.
Term
Realistic conflict theory
Definition
A conceptual frame- work arguing that conflict between groups stems from competition for scarce resources, including food, terri- tory, wealth, power, natural resources, and energy.
Term
Ringelmann effect
Definition
The tendency, first documented by Max Ringelmann, for people to become less productive when they work with others; this loss of efficiency in- creases as group size increases, but at a gradually decreas- ing rate.
Term
Risky shift -(Phenomenon)
Definition
The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals.
Term
Romance of leadership
Definition
The tendency to overestimate the amount of influence and control leaders exert on their groups and their groups’ outcomes.
Term
Scapegoat theory
Definition
of intergroup conflict explains why frustrating economic conditions often stimulates an increase in prejudice and violence toward a group or person.
Term
Self-censorship
Definition
a personal ban on expressing disagreements about the group’s de- cisions
Term
Self-disclosure
Definition
The process of revealing personal, intimate information about oneself to others.
Term
Shared mental model
Definition
Knowledge, expectations, con- ceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, and resources.
Term
Social conflict
Definition
Term
Social facilitation
Definition
the enhancement of an individual’s performance when working with other people rather than when working alone.
Term
Social loafing vs.

free riding
Definition
The reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared to when they work alone.

free riding Contributing less to a collective task when one believes that other group members will compensate for this lack of effort.
Term
Sociofugal
vs.
sociopetal
Definition
Fugal is an environment discouraging or prevent interaction among group members.

Petal is Environmental settings that promote interaction among group members, including seating ar- rangements that facilitate conversation.
Term
Sources of conflict
Definition
Term
Steiner taxonomy of tasks
Definition
Look IN Word Doc.
Term
Steinzor effect
Definition
The tendency for members of a group to comment immediately after the person sitting opposite them.
Term
Superordinate goal
Definition
goals that can be achieved only if two groups work together.
Term
Synomorphy
Definition
the degree of fit between the setting and its human occupants.
Term
T-group

(Now Called):sensitivity training group
Definition
The T-group was a precursor of group techniques designed to enhance spontaneity, increase personal growth, and maximize members’ sensitivity to others.

An unstructured group designed to enhance spontaneity, increase personal aware- ness, and maximize members’ sensitivity to others.
Term
Task conflict
Definition
(or substantive conflict) Disagreements over issues that are relevant to the group’s recognized goals and procedures.
Term
Team player - characteristics
Definition
In Word Doc
Term
Territoriality
Definition
A specific geographic area that individuals or groups of individuals claim, mark, and defend against in- trusion by others.
And Chart in word doc
Term
Transactive memory
Definition
A process by which infor- mation to be remembered is distributed to various mem- bers of the group who can then be relied upon to provide that information when it is needed.
Term
transformational leadership
Definition
An inspiring method of leading others that involves elevating one’s followers’ motivation, confidence, and satisfaction, by uniting them in the pursuit of shared, challenging goals and changing their beliefs, values, and needs.
Term
universality
Definition
Recognition of shared problems, reduced sense of uniqueness
Term
ultimate attribution error
Definition
When individuals form impressions of other individuals
(UAE) prompts them to attribute only negative actions to outgroup members’ dispositional qualities
Supporting users have an ad free experience!