Term
| What is the definition of gross energy in regards to feed? |
|
Definition
| combustible energy/heat of combustion, contained in covalent bonds in the feed matrix |
|
|
Term
| What is chemical bond length? What is the unit for it? |
|
Definition
distance between centres of bonded atoms in molecules
picometers = 10^-12 m |
|
|
Term
Arrange the following in order of increasing chemical bond length
C-O(OH)
C-S(HS)
C-N
C-C
C-H |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are oils and fats higher in covalent bond density than carbohydrates and proteins? |
|
Definition
| They contain lots of C-H bonds, which have short chemical bond length. Carbs and proteins contain C-O(OH) groups and C-N (peptide bond) which have longer chemical bond length, and release less energy when metabolized. |
|
|
Term
What is the covalent chemical bond energy found in the following:
C-H
C-O(OH)
C-N
C--C |
|
Definition
C-H 413 kJ/mol
C-O(OH) 358 kJ/mol
C-N 305 kJ/mol
C--C 607 kJ/mol |
|
|
Term
| 1 calorie is equal to how many joules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 kilocalorie is equal to how many joules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Energy feeds often contain lots of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is calf's main source of energy in the diet? |
|
Definition
milk (containing milk fat, protein and lactose)
or milk replacers (containing proteins, D-glucose or lactose) |
|
|
Term
| Why are calfs unable to utilize fibre as an energy source? |
|
Definition
| Their ruminal microflora is not well developed yet, cannot ferment fibre to produce VFAs which could be used as an energy source |
|
|
Term
True or False
A diet of 10-20% fat is ideal for cattle with a functional rumen |
|
Definition
False, fatty acids inhibit ruminal bacteria
Fats and oils should be 3-5% of the diet maximum |
|
|
Term
| Why are cattle unable to produce fat from D-glucose and amino acids? |
|
Definition
| they do not have the necessary enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended diet to meet the energy needs of a lactating cow? |
|
Definition
-high quality fibre
e.g. corn silage, haylage
-starch from processed cereal grains (to meet D-glucose requirements for producing lactose)
e.g. barely or corn grain
Need a balance between the two! |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended diet to meet the energy needs of a dry cow? |
|
Definition
| poor quality hay or roughage is adequate, as ruminal microbial activity will ferment the fibre to produce VFAs |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended diet to meet the energy needs of a beef steer or replacement heifer? |
|
Definition
high quality fibres
e.g. fresh grass, hay
processed cereal grains
e.g. barley, corn
-need a good ratio of both as they have rapid growth rates, depositing muscle and intramuscular fat |
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the needs of monogastric herbivores, and why? |
|
Definition
Low productivity animals:
-fresh grass or poor quality hay is enough to maintain intestinal microflora and support energy requirement
Working/producing animals:
-processed cereal grains or fats/oils should be supplemented to increase energy density of their feet |
|
|
Term
| Why are monogastric herbivores able to tolerate a fairly large proportion of fat/oil in the diet? |
|
Definition
fat and oil are digested and absorbed mainly in the small intestine, before microbial fermentation occurs
(they are hindgut fermenters) |
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the needs of monogastric avian species and why? |
|
Definition
-ground cereal grains, with fat/oil supplement to increase energy density and reduce dustiness
e.g. corn grain, wheat, barley, oats |
|
|
Term
| What sugar are avian species unable to tolerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the needs of neonatal pigs and why? |
|
Definition
sows milk or milk replacer are the main energy sources
-they cannot digest starch or cereal grains yet, may cause diarrhea or intestinal necrosis! |
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the needs of weanling pigs and why? |
|
Definition
processed cereal grains (ground & extruded)
supplemented with whey powder (contains lactose)
fats & oils to increase energy density |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the diet can consist of whey powder as an energy source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the needs of reproducing swine? |
|
Definition
processed cereal grains (ground)
fat/oil to increase energy density |
|
|
Term
| What dietary adjustments are made for dry sows after farrowing & late gestation sows, and why? |
|
Definition
-low levels of fat/oil & high fibre feeds
-feed restriction
-done to reduce energy density and minimize excessive body fat deposition |
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the needs of growing-finishing pigs or feeder pigs? |
|
Definition
-ground cereal grains
-fat/oil supplements to increase energy density in early finishing phases
OR
DDGS with moderate levels of fibre & oil can be up to 25%-30% of the diet (cost effective way of increasing energy & fibre density) |
|
|
Term
| What is an alternative cost-effective means of increasing energy & fibre density in the diet of feeder pigs? |
|
Definition
supplementing dried distillers grains with solubles with moderate levels of fibre and oil
25-30% of diet |
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the energy needs of dogs? |
|
Definition
-cereal grains/starch not palatable
-moderate levels included in dog diets
-animal proteins and fat are main energy sources
e.g. rendered meat meal, poultry meal
extra fat/oil to increase energy density |
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the energy needs of cats/minks foxes? |
|
Definition
-processed cereal grains/starch not very palatable
-animal protein e.g. poultry meal, fish meal etc.
-fat and oils to increase energy density |
|
|
Term
| What diet is recommended to meet the energy needs of fish and shrimp species? |
|
Definition
-crude plant proteins are poorly palatable
-starch/cereal grains not palatable
-poor enzyme activities for sugar metabolism
-meat & poultry meal, fish meal
-supplemental fats & oils |
|
|
