Grayish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers. Forms cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons

Similarities: Brain areas, chemicals (neurotransmitters) proteins (channels and receptors)

Differences: Overall brain size, size of individual parts (neocortex (primates)

1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain

1. Medulla
2. Pons
3. Midbrain

• Controls vital reflexes
• Cranial nerves

- Damage to medulla can be fatal

-Trauma, drugs

• Cranial nerves
• Location of axon decussation

• Movement   
•     - Range, force, direction
• Sensory timing
• Balance
• Alcohol!

• Superior and inferior Colliculi
• - sensory processing, especially visual and           auditory
• Cerebral aqueduct
• Periaqueductal gray
• Substantia nigra

• Relay station/filter for sensory information on its way to cortex
• Motor, emotion, memory

• Communicates with pituitary glad to alter hormone release
• Involved in eating, drinking, temp regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, arousal (activity level)

• Endocrine gland (hormone producing)
• Attached to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk
• Makes and releases hormones into bloodstream

1. Sensory and motor for face and head
2. 12 pair
3. Most enter/exit through ventral surface of the brainstem

Motor control (damage leads primarily to movement disorders), but also memory and emotional expression

• Lose substantia Nigra --> Parkinson's disease
• Lose caudate & putamen --> Huntington's disease

• Prefrontal cortex: executive functions
•  - planning, working memory, socially appropriate behavior, lobotomies, "association cortex"

• Motor cortex:
•  -voluntary movement, somatotopic organization

• Language:Broca's area 

• Somatosensory cortex
•  - somatotopic organization
•  - also for proprioception

• Spatial organization
•  - non-dorminant hemisphere (side where language is not)
•  - contralateral neglect

• Auditory cortex* (hearing)
• Spoken language conprehension
•  - Wernike's aphasia
• Visual association cortex* 
• - Movement perception
• - Face recognization

* a tumor here can lead to elaborate visual or auditory hallucinations

• Vision

            - Primary and secondary visual cortex

            - Damage causes "cortical blindness"

Occurs if you perceive 2 sensations happening at the same time and in the same place

(Mirror activity)

Reservoir for hormones, nutrients

Ventricles contain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

3 layers: Dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter

General function: Stabilize and protect CNS
- Mechanically

           - CSF within meninges