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Definition
| Herbicide tolerance, pesticide tolerance, stress tolerance, altering quality of food |
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| Transgenic mice (for diseases), Biosteel (silk in goat eggs), transgenic salmon (for growth) |
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Definition
| Gene therapy, production of insulin, vaccines |
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Definition
| appearance of tomatoes, number of locules, etc. |
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Term
| Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes |
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Definition
| Eukaryotes ahve membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then translated into protein |
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| Composition of Nucleotides |
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Definition
| sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| carries information from DNA to cytoplasm translation into protein |
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Definition
| introns (non coding regions) are spiiced out leaving exons, cap and poly tail added for ribosome recognition |
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Definition
| 3 base pairs codes for one amino acid, many amino acids make up a protein |
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Definition
| cyanobacteria, simples forms of life, lack complexity of eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of DNA to mRNA, which then carries the information to the cytoplasm to be translated into proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of protein via transfer RNA (3 base pairs code for one amino acid, called a codon) |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of the DNA that regulates expression of genes on that SAME strand. The are binding sites of the trans factors |
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Term
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Definition
region of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a gene. They can be:
1) constituative (always on)
2)active at stages of development
3)active under certain environmental conditions
4) useful for genetic engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| a viral enzyme that makes DNA from RNA (called cDNA- complimentary DNA) |
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Term
| Genomic Library (how to make) |
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Definition
| use restriction enzymes to splice out the part of the genome that you desire. |
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Term
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Definition
| cut DNA with sticky ends (useful for putting fragments back together, or placing fragments into a plasmid) |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| an enzymatic amplification of DNA, using temperature heating and cooling to multiply the DNA without the use of bacteria and plasmids. |
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Term
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Definition
| are usually inserted along with the gene of interest that have visible properties that prove that the gene of interest is being replicated. usually luminescent etc. |
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Term
| Agrobacterium tumefaceins |
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Definition
| infects plant tissue and induces tumors, viral - incorporates portinos of its genome into plant genomes and causes uncontrolled infected cells. in nonvirulent strains, desirable genes can be inserted into the plasmidwith a reporter gene. |
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Term
| SCID and relation to Gene Therapy |
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Definition
| SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease) 1990, is caused by a single gene mutation that destroys white blood cells in plasma. Doctors culture cells, insert functional gene, and uses transfusions to re-introduce functional cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that lead to the production of gametes. (for traits to be inherited, gene must be inserted into germ line) |
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| Germ Line Therapy and Importance |
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Definition
| Embryonic stage therapy, potential treatment for cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| you could potentially create the embryo that you want and insert genes that you desire. banned by American Association for Advancement of Science. |
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Term
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Definition
| insects are bred to confer sterility to undesirable insects |
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Term
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Definition
| engineered version of an enzyme that causes milk to curdle, used in cheese production |
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Term
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Definition
| Bovine Somatotropin - hormone to increase milk production in cows |
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| Examples of Nutrition Alteration |
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Definition
| Golden Rice - engineered for increased beta carotene (Vitamin A0, beans altered to increase protein and carbohydrate levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacillus thuringiensis: bacterium that infect insects, plants are modified to produce the Bt protein in leaves to kill insects. (corn, cotton, potatoes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacillus thuringiensis: bacterium that infect insects, plants are modified to produce the Bt protein in leaves to kill insects. (corn, cotton, potatoes) |
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Term
| Other Insect Resistance Examples besides BT |
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Definition
| Lectins: (protein from wildflower) inserted into potatoe to deter beetles, Avidin - (protein fromm egg whites inserted into corn to stop storage pests) |
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Term
| Example of Virus Resistance |
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Definition
| Papaya Ringspot Virus - in Hawaii (saved papaya crop), had to insert gene for protein coating to resist the virus |
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Term
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Definition
| (Glyphosate) A broad spectrum herbicide which disrupts biochemical pathway in plants which produce a plant specific essential amino acid. Insert this into plants? soybeans, canola, cotton, corn, grass etc. |
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Term
| Importance of Terminator Seeds |
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Definition
| crops produce seed that is not viable, to ensure that crops with the same resistance are not planted year after year, allowing insects the time to build up resistance to the crop |
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| Examples of Stress Tolerance |
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Definition
| salt tolerance in rice to help it survive in high salt areas, cold freezing tolerance, insert antifreeze proteins into the crops to resist frost |
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Term
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Definition
| the potential escape of GMOs into the wild population |
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| How to deal with resistant insect problem |
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Definition
| plant some non-resistant crops for them to eat |
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Term
| Difference between FDA/USDA/EPA |
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Definition
| FDA_ determines safety of foods/ingredients. EPA evaluates the effects of pest and herbicide resistant GMOs on the environment, USDA checksthe safety of growing GMOs |
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