- From Chios (Ionia)

- Blind (Real or Metaphorical) Greeks believed sight mislead people, The blind were believed to be wise

- "The Homeric Question" Did he write the Iliad and the Odyssey, was Homer Real

- Proem = beginning of the story

- Wedding of Peleus and Theti (apple of discord)

- Judgment of Paris (prince of Troy visits...)

- Menelaus (king of Sparta, husband of Helen)

- Agamemnon (king of Mycenae, brother of Menelaus, leaders of Greek Army against Troy)

- Trojan War; 1000ships and every Greek Hero, was 10 years long

- Story about 2 women who are prizes of honour

- Chryseis (Agamemon's prize) and Briseis (Achilles prize)

- Thetis (prophecy about Achilles); means achilles can either choose to go home and live an inglorious life, or he can choose to have a short but glorious life
- Major theme: Death is inevitable for Mortals, morality beings meaning to life

- Sarpedon (Trojan ally, son of Zeus); dies at Troy

- Required to go seek heros greater then themselves and fight to death

- Patroclus (sidekick f Achilles); begs achilles to come battle; Petroclus goes to battle for Achilles

- Hector (prince and best warrior in Troy); Invades Greek camps

- The Great Dionysia

- Subject = well known myths; familiarity heightens dramatic tension

- competetive context; 3 playwrights, 4 plays each, (3 tragedies, 1 satyr play)

- Thespis (534 BC) hypokrites; first actor means (answerer or interpreter)

- Protagonists = "first competitor"

- Costumes/Mask's, Stereotypical clothing to help audience discern who is who

- Theatron = Audience

- Orchestra = dancing place, where chorus sing's and dances

- Pardos = The orchestra

Skene = the stage

mechane = wodden cran used to fly characters onto stage (theatrical device) usually for gods

theologeon - place where gods speak

Prologos = prologue 

Parados = entrance song of chorus

Epeisodion = episode 

Agon = contestor debate

Stasimon = "standing song"; sung by chorus

Exodus = exit song of the choros

The Tragic Hero

• Hybris: arrogance
• agonia:ignorance
• tyche: chance or firtune
• pathei mathos: learning through suffering
• hamartia: fatal flaw? or mistake
• nemesis: divine retribution

Aeschylus (ca.525-456 BC)

• fate versus free will?
• Establishment of order and justice through divine intervention
• the Orestria trilogy- only surviving trilogy

Sophocles (ca. 496-406 BC)

• Revelation of truth
• suffering reveals the human spirit
• Oedipus Tyrannos

• Prologos -> oedipus himself( plague in Thebes)
• Sigmund Freud- the "Oedipus Complex"
• Fate vs Free Will

• "swollen feet"
• exposed on Mt. Cithaeron
• raised in Corinth by the king and queen
• Apollo at delphi tells him that he will kill his father and marry his mother
• goes into exile; kills his real father without knowing it
• Oedipus knows the riddle to get into Thebes his reward is to marry the quenn(his real mother)

• Bacchae, 404 BC
• pessimistic,cynical, jaded
• melodrama
• psychology, passion
• crisis(especially in women)-> Medea

• Philosophia="love of wisdom"
• Natural philosophy:Materialism->the arche
• ethical philosophy:the nature of life itself("ontology")

• Thales->believed that water was the original element because it can transform itself into many forms
• Anixamander-> the apeiron "infinite", believed that original element not important; balance of all elements most important; first theory of evolution
• Anaximenes-> air is the eternal part of the universe(the soul; soul stuff); believed life existed as long as "air" was entrapped in the body

• founded and developed by Pythagoras
• initiated a brotherhood into his school; Pythagoras looked to as a Messiah
• believed in the immortal soul
• believed in the theory of transmigration of t he soul(reincarnation)
• ethics and Philosophia( soul=mind); first person to argue that the soul is the mind

Democritus (mid 5^th BC) 

• Atomoi-> first ever atomic theory,as a way of explaining the origin of the universe
• "human senses are unreliable"

Democritus (mid 5^th BC) 

• Atomoi-> first ever atomic theory,as a way of explaining the origin of the universe
• "human senses are unreliable"

Sophists (late 5^th BC) 

• "practitioners of wisdom"
• relativism-> nothing is absolute
• teach arete("excellence"= "success"->through rhetoric)
• Protagoras "man is the measure of all things"
  
  

Popular reaction to philosophers

• Philosophers= incomprehensible nutcases
• Dangerous ideas(sacrilege)

Socrates (470-399 BC)

• Teacher of Plato
• the ideal philosopher?
• the ethical philosopher
• his daimon(demon)
• his trances
• the oracle- catalyst for his life(Apollo himself said that Socrates was the wisest man on earth)
• "I know that I know nothing"

• adds humor
• very unusual for philosophy to be taught in dialogue
• 1) define the topic of discussion-> Absolute values: Truth, justice, love, beauty
• 2) counter examples reveal ignorance
• collaborative conclusion(knowledge=virtues): "no one does wrong willingly"

The Dialectic Method

• Thesis + antithesis-> synthesis
• Inductive method (learn by examples)

Trial of Socrates, 399 BC 

• Apologia:"speech in response"(i.e in defense)
• Accused of: Introducing new divinities, Refusing to recognize the gods of the state, corrupting the youth
• Motivation for accusation:Social argument-> the gadfly(horsefly);made many enemies, the political argument-> the thirty tyrants; suspected of having oligarchic tendencies

• 1) opening speeches and evidence; prosecution then defense(apologia)
• 2)vote by juror's(secret ballot);Socraates loses by 30 votes
• 3)Speeches to propose penalty; prosecution speaks then defense

           -Penalties:physical punishment, monetary fine, exile, execution

• 4) vote by jurors(choose penalty)

          -"the eunexamined life is not worth living":final statement before the Death of Socrates; executed by drinking hemlock

Plato (429-347 BC) 

• student of Socrates
• from the ultra elite of the aristocrats of Athens
• wrote the Republic and The Laws
• founded the Academy

• idea= form or pattern
• there are 2 levels of existence
• there is the physical world and the metaphysical world(parallel universe where everything is eternal, immortal, perfect, and unchanging
• the physical world is a reflection of the metaphysical world

• Student of Plato
• founded the Lyceum
• He is a polymath- knows about everything
• famous for beginning the science of taxonomy/classifaction
• Doctrine of immanent form
• tutor to Alexander the Great

• no real idea of higher education
• mentoring is a system where a younger man in his teens is paired up with an older more experienced person to learn how things are done; richer people got better mentors
• Gymnastike: refers to all athletic training, focused on training citizens to be of use to the state
• Mousike:refers to the social aspect which includes singing, and speaking
• girls education-> aimed at preparing them for  their role in life, to get married , to take care and run a household
• physical intimacy is included in a mentoring relationship

• grammatistes: teaches everything about language(grammar, spelling, formal writing) 
• Kitharistes: teaches music, song, dance etc is part of a man or woman's religious duty in a state
• Paidotribes: focused on running, boxing, combat sports, discus, javelin, warfare training
• Paidagogos: not a teacher at school, slave owned by the family of a student, person who leads children to school, well educated slave/acts as a tutor

• no colleges or universities
• start learning theoriesof philosophers and use rhetoric language
• Isocrates: contemporary of Plato; combined rhetoric and ethical philosophy. Foused on importance of teachers and imitation
• "read critically, write effectively, and speak eloquently"

• most famouse greek statue; arms are missing(1 was holding her garment from falling, the other was holding the apple of discourse)
• discovered in 1820

• from abstraction(archaic) through idealism(classical), to realism( hellenistic)
• all ancient marble sculptures were painted in vary garish(bright) colours
• Greek art greatly contrasts the art style of civilizations such as the egyptians who had maintained the same conservative style for thousands of years 

• Amaphora:large body vessel used to hold wine,small neck,2 handles to help carry it
• Krater:used as a mixing vessel;big body,handles on both sides and a large pit
• Kylix: used as a drinking cup, broad and flat,can hold a substantial amount of wine

• collapse of culture and economy
• human figures begin to appear on geometric vases, very simple depictions
• artist displayed horrorvacui= fear of spaces
• a meander pattern freize

• amaphora, near eastern style
• used colour engravings, foreign animals such as lions and panthers
• female head on bird of prey always asscocciated with death

• introduction of named vases
• "amasis" was a famous artist ( depicted Dionysus and Maenads)
• Artists began to sign their names on art

• learned to manipulate chemical content of clay to get different shades and colours
• impressionistic style versus cartoon like drawing
• Kleophrates- one of the most famous painter of the time

• wood, ivory(perishable materials)
• Stone(marble), terracotta(clay)
• Precious metals(bronze, silver, gold)
• ivory is a very rare;luxury imported material

• most beautiful age= male at the age of puberty
• left leg almost always placed infront of right
• the kore; young girl sculptures
• always depicted fully dressed neck to ankles
• Dressed to the nines-> highly decorated and embroidered

• addition of movement; head does not stare straight at the viewer
• Pathos: physical and psychological torment
• Drunken old woman: not ideal representation of a person, shows old woman being humiliated

• based on idea of balance symmetry harmony and proportion
• Riace Bronzes: warriors, extremely detailed face, obvious sensuality, not realistic

• illusions:parallel horizontal lines appear to sag in middle(solved by doming), parallel vertical lined appear to converge(solve by using entasis), temples appear top heavy(solved by using tapering and inclinations
• Pediments: east shows birth of Athena, west shows Athena vs Poseidon

• Doric Frieze: sculptures on a background, Trygliphs(plain carved) and metope(high relief carved), metopes painted alot of details picked out with colour
• Ionic Frieze: Carved deeper at the top than the botton, so that it leans toward viewer
• Athena Parthenos: 12 m high: chryselephantine, shows Athena in her armor, hold victory in her hand, statement of imperial power of the city of Athens

• Demokratia= "rule by the demons("people"? or "mob")
• had a direct democracy
• citizens would hold a political office at some point in their lives

• ability to speak on any motion brought forward
• no concept of "all humans are equal"
• equality ment all male citizens were equal to one another in political and legal rights(10% of entire population
• women never reached age of majority

• Magistrates(politicians) chosen from all(citizens); minimal property qualification, chosen by lottery, few repeat offices, brief term in service-> executive
• juries from all-> Judicial
• Supremacy of the Assembly-> Legislative
• Payment for public service-> financial

• Full Citizens(politai): Perikles' Citizenship law stated that both mother and father had to be Athenian citizens for child to be a full citizen
• medics= "neighbours" or resident aliens
• slaves= property, "living tools"

• serve in democratic government; attend Ekklesia(meet every 9 days)
• vote for or against legislation; serve as Magistrate
• Serve in Boule of 500(meet every day); 10 tribes, 50 man unit= prytanis
• "in prytany" 1/10 of year this means on duty 24/7 for 36 days; emergency response
• 1 epistate= president for the day

• jury duty
• 6000 dikasts(jurors) chosen annually
• cases heard 200 days a year
• private cases( 201 or 401 jurors)
• public cases(501 jurors)

• taxation
• liturgy system(leitourgos);public works
• Choregos and trierarch

• serve according to wealth
• Super rich= Strategos "generals"
• Rich= cavalry
• Middle class= hoplites/heavy infantry
• Poor= light infantry/ rowers in the fleet