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| religious behavior or devotion |
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| worldview that non-human entities possess a spiritual essence |
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| emphasis on conduct, both ethical and liturgical, as opposed to faith or grace |
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| "the peace of the gods"; correct religious practice |
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| person trained to practice a form of divination, haruspicy, that involves the inspection of entrails |
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Roman philosopher, politician and lawyer; developed Ciceronian rhetoric and several political treatsies
106 BCE-43 BCE (1st C.) |
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| "hold your tongue" ritual silence |
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| day of public prayer when the citizens of Rome traveled in procession to religious sites around the city |
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| pacifying ceremony, consisting of a meal offered to gods/goddesses that were represented by busts or statues |
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| calendar based lists of plans and religiously sanctioned events |
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| Body of the ancient Roman state whose members were the highest ranking priests of the state religion |
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| priests assigned to one of 15 deities with official cults during the Roman Republic; most important 3 were the flamines maiores who served the 3 chief Roman gods of the Archaic Triad |
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| priestess of Vesta, goddess of the hearth; cultivated the sacred fire that was not allowed to go out. Took a vow of chastity in order to devote themselves to study |
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| a priest in the classical world; main role was the practice of augury, interpreting the will of the gods by studying the flight of birds |
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| one of the most sacred and traditional rites of Roman religion; sacrifice of a pig, a sheep and a bull to the deity Mars |
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| collection of expressions, set in Greek hexameter, purchased from a sibyl by the last king of Rome; only fragments have survived |
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| 15 members of a college with priestly duties; most notably they guarded the Sibylline books which they consulted and interpreted for the Senate |
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| guardian deities in ancient Roman religion but their origin is uncertain; believed to observe and protect all that happened within the boundaries of their location. Statues placed at table during family meals |
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| legendary second king of Roma, succeeding Romulus. Was of Sabine origin; the temple of Janus and cult of Terminus are attributed to him (c.700 BC) |
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| mistake made while performing a ritual |
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| when a Roman general vowed to sacrifice his own life in battle along with the enemy to cthonic gods in exchange for a victory |
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| type of priest in Ancient Rome who formed a college devoted to Jupiter; duties included advising the senate on foreign affairs and international treaties (ambassadros) |
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| part of the Capitoline Triad, most important temple in Ancient Rome located on Capitoline Hill was dedicated to him |
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| Group of 3 supreme deities (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva) who were worshipped in an elaborate temple of Rome's Capitoline Hill, the Capitolium |
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| series of 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC (2nd C.) |
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| "calling forth" or "summoning away" of a deity |
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| observed on February 13-15 to avert evil spirits and purify the city, releasing health & fertility; Lupercus is a god of the shepherds and was honored with the sacrifice of a goat & a dog while salt mealcakes were burned |
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| festival celebrated in the month of April to worship the great mother god Cybele (Magna Mater=Great Mother); lasted for 6 days and was spent with feasting |
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| Roman mystery cults of the wine god Bacchus based on the Dionysian mysteries; associated with Rome's native cult of Liber and were temporarily halted with the senatorial legislation to reform the Bacchanalia in 186 BC |
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| festival in honor of the deity Saturn, held on the 17th of December; holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn and a banquet follwed by gift-giving, continual partying and overturning Roman social norms |
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| god of beginnings/transitions, gates, doors, passages, endings & time; usually depcited as having two faces |
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| one of the five Ages of Man; period of primordial peace, harmony, stability and prosperity. During this age peace and harmony prevailed, humans did not have to work to feed themselves. Lived to an old age and died peacefully with spirits living on as "guardians" |
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| the individual instance of general divine nature that is present in every individual person, place, or thing |
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| wife was placed under the control of the husband |
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| wife was still under legal control of her father |
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| imaginary sale of the woman to the husband |
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| a noble family was socially entitled to display images of ancestors in the atrium of the family home; uncertainity about whether these were funeral masks, portrait busts or both |
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| the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law; Law of the 12 Tables was the earliest written law code and formed the centerpiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic |
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| one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the republic; named after Appius Caecus, the Roman censor who completed the first section as a military road to the south in 312 BC |
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| excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance; sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary" |
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| Roman general, statesman, consul and notable author of Latin prose. Played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire (1st C.) |
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| founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC-14 AD; born Gaius Octavius. Together with Mark Anthony and Marcus Lepidus he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assasssins of Caesar |
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| a pagan celebration, involving sacrifices & theatrical performances for 3 days & nights to mark the end of a saeculum (supposedly the longest length of time in human life) and the beginning of the next |
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| altar in Rome dedicated to Peace, the Roman goddess. Monument was commissioned by the Roman senate on 4 July 13 BC to honor the return of Augustus after his 3 years in Gaul |
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| shows the Roman goddess Venus in her aspect of Genetrix (mother) as she was honored by the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Rome; Caesar vowed to dedicate a temple at Rome of Venus |
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| philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value & agency of human beings; generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over established doctrine or faith |
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| school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens in the early 3rd century BC. Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgement and a person of "moral and intellectual perfection" would not suffer such emotions |
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| belief that the universe is identical with divinity or that everything compases an all-encompassing internal God |
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| quality of being self sufficient |
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| philosophy that declares pleasure to be the sole intrinsic good and attempts to have freedom from anxiety |
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| state of robust and tranquility (freedom from care/worry) |
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| Roman poet and philosopher, only known work is the epic poem De rerum natura about the beliefs of Epicureanism; translated into On the Nature of Things |
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| ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single communtiy based on a share morality |
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| Latin prose writer most famous incident in his life was he was accussed of using magic to gain the attentions (and fortune) of a wealthy widow; most famous work is The Golden Ass (only Latin novel to survive in its entirerty) |
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| meaning "throne" she was worshipped as the ideal mother and wife as the patroness of nature and magic. The friend of slaves, sinners and artisans and the downtrodden but also listened to the prayers of the wealthy and aristocrats. Also known as protector of the dead and goddess of children |
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| usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead |
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| the belief and worship of a single God while accepting the existence or possible existence of other deities that may also be worshipped |
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| act of activism intent or the attempt to convince others to another ideology, cause, religion or opinion |
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| form of state religion in which an emperor, or dynasty of emperors are worshipped as messiahs, demigods or deities |
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| glorification of a subject to divine level |
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