Shared Flashcard Set

Details

GRE Subject Test Psychology
Kaplan Prep
398
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
07/14/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Reinforcement theory
Definition
  • Social behaviour arises from reinforcement (anticipation of reward)
  • Verplank's research on approval in conversation

 

 

Term
Role theory
Definition
  • Bindle
  • Behaviour the result of awareness on the social roles we are expected to fill
Term
Self-perception theory
Definition
  • Daryl Bem
  • We infer our attitudes from our behaviours
Term
What is the difference between cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory?
Definition
  • Cognitive dissonance describes a state of discomfort when there is discord between attitudes and behaviour
  • In self-perception theory, initial attitude is irrelevant to later behaviour
Term
Overjustification effect
Definition
  • Individual will stop liking something that he/she liked previously when they are suddenly rewarded for it
Term
Balance theory
Definition
  • Fritz Heider
  • Consistency theory
  • We try to maintain balance between ourselves, others, and shared attitudes
  • There is balance when we (dis)like the same things as a person we like, and when we (dis)like the opposite things as a person we dislike
Term
Dissonant and consonant elements
Definition
  • Dissonant elements are areas of disagreement between attitudes and behaviour. We try to reduce these.
  • Consonant elements are areas of agreement between attitudes and behaviour. We try to augment these.
  • Cognitive dissonance is reduced by removing dissonant elements and introducing consonant elements.
Term
Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)
Definition
  • Study of forced-compliance dissonance
Term
Types of cognitive dissonance (2)
Definition
  • Free-choice
  • Forced-compliance
Term
Spreading of alternatives
Definition
  • Strategy used to reduce cognitive dissonance
  • Augment the positives of the selected choice and the negatives of the rejected choice
Term
Minimal justification effect
Definition
  • Occurs when there is an attitude change in response to the performance of a dissonant behaviour
  • e.g., being paid $1 to say that a boring experiment was fun makes a person think it was fun
Term
Carl Hovland's model
Definition
  • Likelihood of persuasion depends on the (1) communicator (2) communication (3) situation
  • Communicator: credible, argues against self-interest
  • Communication: presentation of the argument
Term
Sleeper effect
Definition
  • Background: attitudes are more likely to change when the argument comes from a highly credible source.
  • Over time, persuasion success from low-credibility sources will increase and persuasion success from high-credibility sources will decrease. (sleeper effect).
Term
Two-sided messages
Definition
  • Arguments that include both sides of the debate
  • More likely to change attitudes, because they are seemingly objective
Term
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
Definition
  • Petty & Cacioppo
  • Two routes of persuasion: central (when we care about the topic) and peripheral (when we don't care or cannot follow)
  • Strength of the argument matters in the central route
  • Other factors are more important in the peripheral route
Term
Cultural truisms
Definition
  • Beliefs that aren't usually questioned
  • Used in William McGuire's studies on persuasion and inoculation
Term
Refuted counterarguments
Definition
  • By refuting the argument against a belief, you motivate individuals to defend
Term
Belief perseverance (& what makes this occur?)
Definition
  • Maintaining a belief that has been shown to be false
  • Occurs when individuals are presented an idea and asked to explain it
Term
Reactance
Definition
  • Rebellion against social pressures
  • Occurs when social pressures are strong enough to negate sense of freedom
Term
Social comparison theory
Definition
  • Leon Festinger
  1. We prefer nonsocial means of comparison, but when that isn't possible we evaluate ourselves in terms of others.
  2. We make comparisons against similar others.
  3. We change our attitudes to align with our group.
Term
Reciprocity hypothesis
Definition
  • We like those who like us (& vice versa)
Term
Gain-loss principle
Definition
  • Aronson & Linder
  • Derivative of the reciprocity hypothesis
  • We have stronger liking/disliking for those whose opinions of us have changed
Term
Social exchange theory
Definition
  • In relationships we try to maximize gains and minimize costs
Term
Equity theory
Definition
  • In relationships we want the cost/reward ratio to be equal to that of our partner's
  • Instability when ratios are unequal
Term
Need complimentarity
Definition
  • We choose partners that complement our needs
Term
Attractiveness stereotype
Definition
  • Attribute positive traits to attractive people
Term
Predictors of romantic affiliation
Definition
  • Similar characteristics
  • Attractiveness
  • Spatial proximity
Term
Mere exposure hypothesis
Definition
  • Zajonc (not the developer, but did important research)
  • Familiarity, based on repeated exposure to a stimuli, predicts liking
Term
What 2 factors predict bystrander intervention?
Definition
  • Diffusion of responsibility
  • Social influence
Term
Social influence (in the context of bystander intervention)
Definition
  • When attempting to determine whether or not an event is an emergency, people will take cues from others nearby
Term
Pluralistic ignorance
Definition
  • Occurs when social influence leads an individual to interpret an event as a nonemergency
Term
Empathy-altruism model
Definition
  • Batson
  • We are inclined to help others when we feel distress or empathy toward their situation
  • Empathy is the more robust predictor of helping behaviour
Term
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Definition
  • Aggression results from frustration (magnitudes correlate)
Term
Describe Muzafer Sherif's conformity study
Definition
  • Asked participants to estimate the distance a point of light moved
  • Solitary estimates were different from group estimates -- participant's responses adhered to the group's
Term
Autokinetic effect
Definition
  • A point of light fixed in place on a dark wall appears to move
  • Used in Muzafer Sherif's study: participants had to estimate amount of movement
Term
Doll preference task
Definition
  • Clark and Clark (1947)
  • White and black children prefered white dollies
  • Findings from more sound paradigms counter this fact
Term
Hierarchy of salience
Definition
  • The personality traits we endorse depends on the situation we are in
  • Explains why certain individual traits are more closely tied to our identities
  • We adhere to roles for traits that are salient
Term
Attribution theory
Definition
  • Fritz Heider
  • We try to infer the causes of others' behaviour using dispositional or situational attributions
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
  • We tend to assume dispositional attributions underly others' behaviours
Term
Halo effect
Definition
  • Our general impression of a person colours our specific predictions or impressions
  • e.g., if I like someone I might say that they are good at x, y, and z
Term
Belief in a just world
Definition
  • M. J. Lerner
  • Belief that good things happen to good people (& vice versa)
Term
Zajonc's theory
Definition
  • In the presence of others, arousal enhances the expression of the dominant response
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
  • Loss of personal identity when in an anonymizing situation
  • Prison simulation
Term
Groupthink
Definition
  • When making decisions as a group, consensus is more important than exploring discordant avenues
Term
Risky shift
Definition
  • Decisions made by groups are riskier than the decisions made by individuals
Term
Value hypothesis
Definition
  • Risky shifts in group decision-making occur when being risky is culturally valued
Term
Group polarization
Definition
  • Group decision-making enhances the initial tendencies of the group's individuals, such that the final decision is either riskier or more cautious than the choice that would have been made by an individual member within the group
Term

Trait that increases perceived leadership ability

Definition
  • Communication (i.e., amount of time talking)
Term
Describe Kurt Lewin's study and its findings
Definition
  • Autocratic leadership: more hostile, aggressive, productive and dependent on leader
  • Democratic leadership: more cohesive, motivation, interest, and satisfaction
  • Laissez-faire: less efficient, organized, and satisfying
Term
How does one "compete" in the prisoner's dilemma? How does one "cooperate"?
Definition
  • Compete by not confessing
  • Cooperate by confessing
Term
Superordinate goals
Definition
  • Goals that require intergroup cooperation
  • Can reduce intergroup hostilities, as in the Robber's Cave study
Term
British empiricst school of thought
Definition
  • John Locke
  • Thomas Hobbes
  • George Berkeley
  • David Hume
  • James Mill
  • John Stuart Mill
  • Believed that children are born without innate tendencies
Term
Functionalist system of thought
Definition
  • To be able to adapt to our environments we must study the mind as it functions
Term
Compare psychodynamic, psychosocial, and cognitive orientations in the study of development.
Definition
  • Psychodynamic: subconscious conflicts influence development
  • Psychosocial: social environment and learning influence development
  • Cognitive: thought processes influence development
Term
Cross-sectional study
Definition
  • Participants are selected from various age groups
  • Used in developmental research to infer differences as a function of age
Term
Sequential cohort
Definition
  • Participants from several age groups are studied longitudinally
Term
Genetic disorders that cause mental retardation
Definition
  • Down's syndrome
  • PKU
  • Klinefelter's syndrome
  • Turner's syndrome
Term
Phenylketonuria
Definition
  • Genetic disorder that causes mental retardation
  • Individuals lack the enzyme required to breakdown phenylalanine
  • First genetic disorder that could be tested in large populations
Term
Klinefelter's syndrome
Definition
  • Males possess extra X chromosome
  • Sterile
  • Mental retardation
Term
Turner's syndrome
Definition
  • Females possess a single X chromosome
  • Inability to develop secondary sex characteristics
  • Physical abnormalities
  • Mental retardation
Term
Germinal period
Definition
  • 0 - 2 weeks
  • Embryo becomes implanted in uterine wall
Term
Embryonic stage
Definition
  • 2 - 10 weeks after conception
  • Cell division
  • Fetus takes on human form
  • First behaviours: motor movement
  • External genitalia develop
  • Males begin androgen production
Term
Fetal period
Definition
  • 3 months after conception
  • Neural activity
  • Physical development
Term
Rooting
Definition
  • Newborn reflex to turn the head in the direction of cheek stimulation
Term
Moro
Definition
  • Newborn reflex whereby child will respond to rapid head movements by flinging arms out and then back in
  • Disappears ~ 4 mo
Term
Babinski
Definition
  • Newborn reflex whereby toes spread when the sole is stimulated
Term
Adaptation (2 types; cognitive development)
Definition
  • Process of aligning schema and information retrieved from the environment
  1. Assimilation: information is assimilated into existing schema
  2. Accomodation: schema are revised to account for new information
Term
Primary circular reactions
Definition
  • Coordinated body movements
  • Sensorimotor stage
Term
Secondary circular reactions
Definition
  • Manipulation of external objects in infancy
  • Sensorimotor stage
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
  • 0 - 2 years
  • Primary circular reactions
    • Goal-directed behaviour
  • Secondary circular reactions
  • Object permanence
  • Ends when child is able to create abstract representations of objects or events (e.g., object permanence)
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
  • 2 - 7 years
  • Beginning of representational thought (i.e., have representations of displaced objects, events)
  • Centration
  • Egocentrism
  • Conservation
Term
Centration
Definition
  • Focusing on a single feature
  • Characteristic of cognition in preoperational stage
  • e.g., conservation
Term
Conservation
Definition
  • Ability to recognize that an object does not change just because its physical appearance does
  • Skill not developed until concrete operational stage of development
Term
Concrete operational stage
Definition
  • 7 - 11 years
  • Children are able to think logically about concrete (i.e., knowable) objects
Term
Formal operational stage
Definition
  • Adolescence onward
  • Ability to think logically about abstract concepts
Term
Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Definition
  • Cognitive abilities develop through the internalization of cultural elements
Term
Zone of proximal development
Definition
  • Vygotsky
  • Skills that a child possesses to some extent, but cannot be realized without the guidance of an adult
Term
When do children begin to combine words?
Definition
  • 18 - 20 mo

Term
Errors of growth
Definition
  • at 2.5 - 3 years old, children will begin to make more grammatical errors
  • Indicates that children are internalizing a set of rules
  • Suggests against learning through immitation
Term
When is language "mastered?"
Definition
  • By age 5
Term
Transformational grammar
Definition
  • Noam Chomsky
  • Changing of word order such that the meaning of the sentence does not change
  • Children are able to make transformations
Term
Language acquisition device (LAD)
Definition
  • Noam Chomsky
  • Children born with the ability to master language
Term
According to Freud, what force drives human psychological processes?
Definition
  • Libido
Term
Stages of psychosexual development
Definition

1. Oral

2. Anal

3. Phallic

4. Latency

5. Genital

Term
Oral stage (of psychosexual development)
Definition
  • 0 - 1 years
  • Libidinal energy centred on the mouth
  • Fixation leads to dependency
Term
Anal stage (of psychosexual development)
Definition
  • 1 - 3 years old
  • Fixation leads to orderliness or sloppiness
Term
Phallic stage (of psychosexual development)
Definition
  • 3 - 5 years old
  • Also called Oedipal stage
  • Child must resolve Oedipal/Electra conflict
  • Sexual energy is channeled into morally correct outlets
  • Establishment of sexual identity (identifying with the same-sex parent)
Term
Latency stage (of psychosexual development)
Definition
  • Lasts between the time the libido is sublimated (end of the phallic stage) and the beginning of puberty
Term
Genital stage (of psychosexual development)
Definition
  • Puberty - adulthood
  • Person will enter heterosexual relationship
Term
Stages of psychosocial theory (also years)
Definition
  1. Trust vs. mistrust (0 - 1 years)
  2. Autonomy vs. shame & doubt (1 - 3 years)
  3. Initiative vs. guilt (3 - 6 years)
  4. Industry vs. inferiority (6 - 12)
  5. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
  6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
  7. Generativity vs. stagation (middle age)
  8. Integrity vs. despair (old age)
Term
Attachment milestones
Definition
  • First weeks: undifferentiated reactions to adults.
  • 3 months: discern familiar faces.
  • 6 months: seeks and responds to the mother in particular.
  • 9-12 months: bonds with familiars, stranger anxiety.
  • 2 years: separation anxiety.
  • 3 years: separation anxiety disappears.
Term
Types of attachement described by Mary Ainsworth
Definition

A. Insecure/avoidant

B. Secure

C. Insecure/resistant

 

Term
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Definition
  • Preconventional morality: right/wrong based on punishment/reward.
    • Punishment and obedience
    • Instrumental relativist stage: reciprocity.
  • Conventional morality: social rules.
    • Good girl/nice boy: seeking approval.
    • Law-and-order: rules of authority.
  • Post conventional morality
    • Social contract: rules are a social contract for the greater good.
    • Universal ethical priniples
Term
Kohlberg's gender stages
Definition
  1. Gender labeling (2 - 3 years): children can label their own and others' genders.
  2. Gender stability (3 - 4 years): children recognize that gender does not change based on roles or clothing.
  3. Gender consistency (4 - 7 years): permanency of gender.
Term
Gender schematic processing theory
Definition
  • Martin and Halverson
  • Once children are able to label their own genders they pay attention to the behaviours expected of their gender and less attention to the other gender's behaviours
Term
Phonology
Definition
  • Sounds of language
Term
Categorial perception
Definition
  • Ability to distinguish sounds that have linguistic meaning from irrelevant sounds in the environment
Term
Endomorphy
Definition
  • William Sheldon
  • Bodies that are rotund have happy-go-lucky personality
Term
Mesomorphy
Definition
  • William Sheldon
  • Bodies that are muscular and rectangular have dominating personality
Term
Ectomorphy
Definition
  • William Sheldon
  • Bodies that are thin have shy personality
Term
Structuralism
Definition
  • Approach to psychology concerned with consciousness and introspection
  • Titchener
  • Spawned functionalism, behaviourism, and Gestalt psychology
Term
Functionalism
Definition
  • Approach to psychology interested in the adaptiveness of behaviour
  • Stream of consciousness
  • Dewey, James
Term
Humanism
Definition
  • Maslow, Carl Rogers
  • People should be treated as whole and not reduced to behaviours and instincts
  • Free will
Term
General paresis
Definition
  • Disorder caused by syphilis
  • Grandeur, mental decline, paralysis, death
  • Important in the history of abnormal psychology because scientists learned that mental disorders could have organic etiologies
Term
When were antipsychotics discovered?
Definition
  • 1950s
Term
What are the four types of personality theories (i.e., umbrella categories)?
Definition
  • Psychodynamic
  • Behaviourist
  • Phenomenological
  • Type and trait
Term
Wish-fulfillment
Definition
  • When we are unable to meet our needs and desires, the id conjures a mental image (e.g., dream, memory) of the thing we wanted
Term
Primary process
Definition
  • Process of the id, which is to meet hedonistic desires now
Term
Secondary process
Definition
  • Process of the ego, which mitigates the id's drive for immediate pleasure
Term
Reality principle
Definition
  • Used to describe the ego
  • Ego serves the id in that it seeks the object that is desired, but it does so in a way that acknowledges reality (i.e., pragmatically)
  • This underlies cognition (e.g., planning, perception) via the reciprocal relationship between the id/ego
Term
Driving forces of the id, ego, and superego
Definition
  • Pleasure principle
  • Reality principle
  • Morality
Term
What are the branches of the superego?
Definition
  • Conscience: concept of what is wrong.
  • Ego-ideal: concept of what is right.
Term
Instinct (psychodynamics)
Definition
  • Psychological representations of bodily needs
Term
Eros
Definition
  • Life instinct
  • Exercized through the libido
Term
Thanatos
Definition
  • Death instinct
  • Desire to reach final state
Term
Freud's 8 defense mechanisms
Definition
  • Repression
  • Suppression
  • Projection
  • Reaction formation
  • Rationalization
  • Regression
  • Sublimation
  • Displacement

 

Term
Archetypes
Definition
  • Emotional thoughts/images that comprise the collective unconscious
  • Persona
  • Anima, animus
  • Shadow
  • Self
Term
Persona
Definition
  • Archetype of social role
Term
Anima & animus
Definition
  • Archetypes of femininity and masulinity, respectively
Term
The Shadow
Definition
  • Archetype of animal instincts from when we were lower beings
  • Explains our less-than-savory urges
Term
The Self (according to Jung)
Definition
  • Archetype that pushes toward unity of personal identity
Term
According to Jung, what are the two orientations of personality?
Definition
  • Introversion and extroversion
Term
Alfred Adler's theory
Definition
  • Personality arises from the quest for superiority and family/social interactions
  • Normal personality when quest for superiority benefits others and ourselves
Term
Creative self
Definition
  • Alfred Adler
  • Force that pushes individuals to develop a unique personality
Term
Style of life
Definition
  • Alfred Adler
  • Manifestation of the creative self (personality-driving force) through which the individual finds his/her path to superiority
Term
Fictional finalism
Definition
  • Alfred Adler
  • Behaviour is motivated by expectations for the future
Term
Object-relations theory
Definition
  • Object refers to the developing personality
  • Relations refers to the fact that the object is developed through our relationships as children
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Object-relations theorists: Melanie Klein, D. W. Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, and Otto Kernberg
Term
Resistance
Definition
  • Occurs in psychoanalysis
  • Patient may resist by forgetting a dream or memory, missing a session, or blocking free associations
  • Therapist analyzes these resistances for meaning
Term
Transference
Definition
  • Occurs in psychoanalytic therapy when the patient attributes qualities of individuals in his/her past to the therapist, such that conflicts can be faced and resolved
Term
Countertransference
Definition
  • When taking on the desires and beliefs of a patient's relations (as is done through psychoanalytic transference), the therapist will develop certain emotions toward the patient
Term
Neo-Freudian approach
Definition
  • Modified psychoanalysis that requires less time
  • Focus of therapy is on current interpersonal relationships as opposed to those prominent in the psychosexual stages
Term
Vicarious reinforcement
Definition
  • Bandura
  • Personality is developed through behavioural reinforcement and seeing the behaviours of others being reinforced
Term
Behaviour therapy
Definition
  • Behaviourists see the maladaptive behaviours as the disorder, rather than seeing them as indicators of a construct (i.e., the disorder)
  • Behaviour therapy involves tackling the maladaptive behaviours themselves
Term
Cognitive therapy for depression
Definition
  • Beck
  • Patient writes down thoughts of him/herself
  • Needs to identify why these are unjustified and to generate a list that is more realistic and less diminuative
Term
Rational-emotive therapy
Definition
  • Albert Ellis
  • Therapist challenges irrational beliefs held by client and facilitates generation of more realistic beliefs
Term
Symptom substitution
Definition
  • Behaviour therapy tackles maladaptive behaviours, but not underlying psychopathologies
  • Since this doesn't get at a "root cause" according to psychoanalysts, they claim that more symptoms will arise (i.e., symptom substitution)
Term
Phenomenological psychology
Definition
  • Study of subjective experience
  • Also called humanism because it distinguishes us from animals
  • Similar to Gestalt and existential psychology
Term
Peak experience
Definition
  • Profound and emotional experience that leaves lasting impact on the individual
  • Maslow stated that self-actualizers were more likely to have had a peak experience
Term
Humanist-existential therapy
Definition
  • Finding meaning in life through autonomous decision-making
  • Exploration of thoughts and feelings
  • Empathy, understanding, positive emotional regard
Term
Client-centred therapy
Definition
  • Carl Rogers
  • People are autonomous and cannot be reduced to psychological processes
  • Therapy through positive view of self and making positive decisions
  • Matching the self to the ideal self
  • Also called person-centred therapy or nondirective therapy
Term
Type theory
Definition
  • People can be categorized based on types of personality
Term
Trait theory
Definition
  • Theory of personality concerned with determining the fundamental bases of personality
Term
Cardinal, central, and secondary traits
Definition
  • Gordon Allport
  • Personality
  • Cardinal trait is that which defines our lives
  • Central traits are prominent features of the personality
  • Secondary traits are limited in occurance
Term
Functional autonomy
Definition
  • Gordon Allport
  • Activities undertaken to achieve some goal may become part of the personal repertoire such that the activity is partaken as the goal
Term
Need for achievement
Definition
  • David McClelland
  • Personality trait
  • Those high on need for achievement avoid high risks and low risks and set realistic goals
Term
Field-dependence
Definition
  • Herman Witkin
  • Personality trait that allows individuals to differentiate the perceived world from his/her own personality
Term
Axes of the DSM
Definition
  1. Clinical disorders (except personality & mental retardation)
  2. Personality disorders and mental retardation
  3. Medical conditions
  4. Psychosocial factors
  5. Global Assessment of Functioning
Term
Prevalence of ADHD
Definition
  • 3-5% of school-aged children
Term
Prevalence of autism
Definition
  • 0.0002 - 0.0005%
  • (2 - 5 of every 10, 000)
Term
Prevalence of Tourette's
Definition
  • 0.0004 - 0.0005%
  • (4 - 5 of every 10,000)
Term
Dimensions of positive symptoms in schizophrenia
Definition
  • Psychotic (e.g., delusions)
  • Disorganized (e.g., speech)
Term
Delusions of reference
Definition
  • Idea that others are talking about you
Term
Neologism
Definition
  • Invention of new words
  • Disorganized symptom of schizophrenia
Term
Prodromal phase
Definition
  • Period of rapid deterioration of functioning that precedes presentation of schizophrenia
Term
Process schizophrenia
Definition
  • Slow development
  • Poor prognosis
Term
Reactive schizophrenia
Definition
  • Rapid onset
  • Better prognosis
Term
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Definition
  • Catatonic
  • Paranoid
  • Disorganized
  • Undifferentiated
  • Residual
Term

Dysthymia

Dysphoria

Definition
  • Subclinical MDD
  • State of sadness
Term
Catecholamine theory of depression
Definition
  • Also called monoamine theory
  • MDD caused by too little 5-HT and NOR
Term
Conversion disorder
Definition
  • Movement or sensory impairment caused by a psychological, rather than organic, cause
Term
Dissociative amnesia
Definition
  • Inability to remember a past experience
Term
What is a personality disorder?
Definition
  • Pattern of maladaptive behaviour that causes impairment in 2+ domains: cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
Term
Schizoid personality disorder
Definition
  • Detached from social relationships**
  • Limited range of emotion
Term
Primary prevention
Definition
  • Prevention of mental illness by providing upstream care
Term
Gestalt psychology
Definition
  • The whole is something other than the sum of its parts
  • Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffa
Term
3 types of neuron in the nervous system
Definition
  • Afferent
  • Efferent
  • Interneurons
Term
Reflex arcs
Definition
  • Neural circuit that controls reflexive behaviour
  • Interneurons signal motor neurons to act as the message is being sent to the brain - this makes reflexive behaviours more automatic
Term
What is the function of the PNS?
Definition
  • Nerve cells that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
  • Afferent and efferent fibres that rely signals
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
  • Vegetative functioning
Term
What NT facilitates parasympathetic activity?
Definition
  • Acetylcholine
Term
What NT is released when there is sympathetic nervous system activation?
Definition
  • Adrenaline
Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
Functions of the hindbrain
Definition
  • Balance, sleep, arousal, breathing
  • Generally, the lower functions needed for survival
Term
Functions of the midbrain
Definition
  • Sensory and motor information
  • Reflexes
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
  • Evolution of brain development in humans
Term
Structures of the hindbrain
Definition
  • Medulla
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
  • Reticular formation (extends into midbrain)
Term
Medulla
Definition
  • Controls vital functions (breathing, heartrate, blood pressure)
Term
Pons
Definition
  • Relays sensorimotor information between medulla and cortex
Term
Reticular formation
Definition
  • Network of nerves that control arousal (i.e., sleep and waking) and attention
  • Located between hindbrain and midbrain
Term
Superior colliculus
Definition
  • Receives visual information
  • Located in the midbrain
Term
Inferior colliculus
Definition
  • Receives auditory information 
  • Located in the midbrain
Term
Thalamus
Definition
  • Structure in the forebrain that relays all sensory information (except smell) to the correct brain region
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
  • Lateral, ventromedial, and anterior
  • Homeostatic functions (e.g., hunger and thirst) and "drives"
  • Emotion
  • Aggressive and sexual behaviour
  • Endocrine control
  • Autonomic nervous system control
Term
Lateral hypothalamus
Definition
  • Hunger centre
  • Signals body to consume
  • Lesions cause aphagia (lack of voluntary consumption)
  • Fighting behaviour
Term
Aphagia
Definition
  • Lack of voluntary food or water consumption
Term
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Definition
  • Satiety centre
  • Signals to stop consumption
  • Lesions cause hyperphagia (excessive eating)
Term
What is the role of the hypothalamus (generally)
Definition
  • Four F's: fighting, fleeing, feeding, sexual functioning
  • Hormones
Term
Anterior hypothalamus
Definition
  • Endocrine signalling
  • Sexual behaviour
  • Lesions cause asexuality (lack of voluntary sexual approach)
Term
Basal ganglia
Definition
  • Midbrain structure
  • Coordinated muscle movement
Term
Extrapyramidal motor system
Definition
  • Relays information from basal ganglia to CNS

 

Term
Ventricles
Definition
  • Fluid-filled cavities connected to the spinal canal, which moves from the brain along the spinal cord
Term
What structures are in the limbic system?
Definition
  • Amygdala
  • Septum
  • Hippocampus
Term
Septum
Definition
  • Pleasure centre
  • James Olds & Peter Milner discovered that stimulation of the septum was associated with pleasure
  • Inhibits aggression
Term
Septal rage
Definition
  • Aggressive behaviour that occurs when the septum is legioned
Term
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Definition
  • Bilateral amygala lesions
  • Docility
  • Hypersexuality
  • Hyperphagia
Term
Amygdala (aside from fear and memory)
Definition
  • Aggressive and defensive states
  • Kluver & Bucy's studies with monkeys
Term
Where is Broca's area?
Definition
  • Frontal lobe
  • In the dominant hemisphere
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
  • Temporal lobe
  • Language reception and comprehension
Term
Striate cortex
Definition
  • Another name for the visual cortex
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
  • Sensorimotor
  • Spatial processing
Term
Glial cells
Definition
  • Custodial functions that support neurons
  • Responsible for myelination
Term
Steps of the action potential (proper names and charges)
Definition
  1. Resting potential -70 mV
  2. Depolarization - 50 mV
  3. Action potential spike (+35 mV)
  4. Repolarization (movement back to negative)
  5. Hyperpolarization (> |70| mV)
Term
What is the electrical conduction that occurs within dendrites?
Definition
  • Graded potentials
  • Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
  • Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
  • Movement in the PNS
  • Memory, Alzhemier's
Term
Name 3 catecholamines (monoamines)
Definition
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
  • Alertness and wakefulness
  • Mood disorders
Term
Dopamine (aside from mood, pleasure)
Definition
  • Movement
  • Posture
Term
Phenothiazines
Definition
  • Class of antipsychotic that reduce receptor sensitivity to dopamine
Term
Peptides
Definition
  • Also called neuropeptides or neuromodulators
  • Act like NTs in the brain
  • Endorphins, enkephalins
Term
Neural function of GABA
Definition
  • Stabilizes neural activity
  • Hyperpolarization of the neuron (i.e., inhibitory)
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
  • Behavioural stimulant
  • Enhance CNS activity, akin to sympathetic nervous system activation
  • Act on DA, NOR, and 5-HT
Term
Mechanism of action of tricyclics
Definition
  • Block reuptake of monoamines
Term
Methylphenidate
Definition
  • Ritalin
  • Amphetamine
  • Increases alertness
  • Works on DA, NOR, and 5-HT
Term

Mechanism of action of antipsychotics

(thorazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, phenothiazine)

Definition
  • Block DA receptors
Term
Mechanism of action of narcotics (i.e., opiates)
Definition
  • Agonists of opiate receptors, which triggers release of endorphins
  • Also mimic the effect of endorphins
Term
Function of the endocrine system
Definition
  • Like the hypothalamus, the four F's
  • Fighting, fleeing, feeding, sexual functioning
Term
Gonadotropic hormones
Definition
  • Also called gonadotropins
  • Released during puberty
  • Signals the sex organs to release testosterone or estrogen
  • Underlies the development of the secondary sex characteristics
Term
Which hormones are associated with the menstrual cycle?
Definition
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Definition
  • Released by the pituitary
  • Stimulates growth of the ovum's protective follicle
Term
Luteinizing hormone
Definition
  • Stimulates release of egg from the ovaries
Term
Estrogen
Definition
  • Maturation and release of the ovum from the ovary
Term
Progesterone
Definition
  • Prepares the body for gestation (i.e., implantation of a fertilized egg)
Term
What hormonal changes are associated with menstration?
Definition
  • Decrease in estrogen and progesterone
  • Happens in response to the failure to implant an egg in the uterine wall
Term
Thyroid hormones
Definition
  • Regulate body growth
  • Regulate metabolic rate
Term
Where is adrenaline produced?
Definition
  • Adrenal medulla
Term
Adrenaline
Definition
  • Increases sugar output of the liver
  • Increases HR
Term
Neuropsychological disorders
Definition
  • Aphasias
  • Amnesia
  • Agnosias
  • Apraxia
  • Dementias
Term
Aphasia
Definition
  • Language disorder
Term
Broca's aphasia
Definition
  • Deficits in language production
Term
Wernicke's aphasia
Definition
  • Deficits in language comprehension
Term
Agnosia
Definition
  • Impairment of perceptual recognition
Term
Apraxia
Definition
  • Impaired organization of motor movement
  • Trouble with the organized sequence of a movement, not with paralysis
Term
Which brain structure plays a key role in sleep?
Definition
  • Reticular formation
  • Regulates sleep and alertness
  • Causes prolonged periods of sleep if disconnected from the cortex
Term
EEG waves associated with sleep (4)
Definition
  • Beta
  • Alpha
  • Theta
  • Delta
Term
Beta waves
Definition
  • Occur when awake and highly alert
  • High frequency
Term
Alpha waves
Definition
  • Occur during relaxed wakefulness
  • Slower and more synchronized relative to beta waves
Term
Describe the EEG activity associated with each of the sleep stages
Definition
  1.  Theta waves with sleep spindles (short alpha and beta bursts). Also slow frequency, irregular waveforms, increasing amplitude.
  1. Theta waves continue, frequency slows. K complexes: high voltage peak followed by low voltage valley.
  2. Delta waves appear: very low frequency & high voltage.
  3. Deep sleep, in which delta waves are at their slowest and sleep spindles at their steepest.
  4. REM sleep: resembles alpha waves, but irregular activity.
Term
REM rebound
Definition
  • When deprived of REM sleep, individuals will spend more time in REM sleep subsequently
Term
James-Lange theory
Definition
  • Physiological reactions occur first, and these signal to us to experience the complementary emotion
Term
Cannon-Bard theory
Definition
  • Emotional responses reflect parallel neural and physiological activation
Term
Schacter-Singer theory
Definition
  • Also called two-factor theory of emotion
  • Interpretation of physiological cues, based on appraisal of the environment, dictate emotional response
Term
Psychophysics
Definition
  • Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological reactions to them
Term
Absolute threshold
Definition
  • Minimum intensity of stimulus required to activate a sensory system
Term
Limen
Definition
  • Threshold
Term
Difference threshold
Definition
  • Amount of stimulus required to detect that two stimuli are different
Term
Just noticable difference
Definition
  • 1 jnd = the difference threshold
Term
Weber's law
Definition
  • Difference thresholds produce a constant (K), which is a ratio

[image]

Term
Fechner's law
Definition
  • Gustav Fechner
  • Sensation intensity increases slower as stimulus intensity increases
Term
Stevens' power law
Definition
  • Compares stimulus intensity to stimulus sensation
  • Intended to disprove Fechner's law
Term
Signal detection theory
Definition
  • The sensation required to perceive a stimulus differs between individuals because of personal differences (e.g., memories, motivation, expectations)
  • Signal detection is a combination of sensitivity to a signal and response bias
Term
Noise trial
Definition
  • Used to measure signal detection
  • No stimulus is presented -- question is whether or not the participant indicates perceiving the stimulus
Term
Response bias (signal detection)
Definition
  • Personal likelihood of reporting a signal
  • Based on nonsensory factors
Term
ROC curve
Definition
  • Receiver operating characteristic
  • John A. Swets
  • Used to map hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives (signal detection theory)
Term
General steps sensory processing
Definition
  1. Reception: receptors detect signal
  2. Transduction: physical stimulus converted to neural impulses
  3. Neural signals disseminated via projection areas in the brain
Term
Duplicity theory of vision
Definition
  • Also called duplexity
  • Retina contains two types of photoreceptors
Term
Ganglion cells
Definition
  • Bundled ganglion cells form the optic nerve
  • Send information to the brain
Term
Describe the visual pathways of the brain
Definition
  • Images are projected from the retina to the brain via the optic nerve
  • At the optic chiasm, nasal fibres crossover (temporal fibres continue ipsilaterally)
  • Images move through the laternal geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  • Signals are sent to the visual cortex and superior colliculus

 

[image]

Term
Feature detection theory
Definition
  • Hubel & Weisel
  • Certain cells are maximally receptive to particular visual features
Term
Simple cells (feature detection theory)
Definition
  • Respond to orientation and borders
Term
Complex cells (feature detection theory)
Definition
  • Detect object movement
Term
Hypercomplex cells (feature detection theory)
Definition
  • Detect object shape
Term
Illumination vs. brightness
Definition
  • Illumination: physical property of light reflected off an object
  • Brightness: perceived intensity of light
Term
What are the chemical components of rhodopsin?
Definition
  • Retinal (similar to vitamin A)
  • Opsin (a protein)
Term
What are two phenomena related to brightness perception?
Definition
  • Dark/light adaptation
  • Simultaneous brightness contrast
Term
Subtractive colour mixing
Definition
  • Mixing of pigments
Term
Additive colour mixing
Definition
  • Mixing of light
Term
Trichromatic theory
Definition
  • Also called Young-Helmholtz theory
  • Retina contains red, blue, and green cones. All colours that we perceive are based on varying activation of these cones
Term
Young-Helmholtz theory
Definition
  • Also called trichromatic theory
  • Retina contains red, blue, and green cones. All colours that we perceive are based on varying activation of these cones
Term
Depth perception cues
Definition
  • Interposition
  • Relative size
  • Linear perspective
  • Texture gradient
  • Motion parallax (incl. kinetic depth effect)
  • Stereopsis
Term
Interposition
Definition
  • Overlap of two objects that gives rise to perceived depth
Term
Stereopsis
Definition
  • Also called binocular disparity
  • We perceive depth due to disparate images on our two retinas
Term
What are the two components of form perception?
Definition
  • Figure
  • Ground
Term
Gestalt laws of organization
Definition
  • Proximity
  • Similarity
  • Good continuation
  • Subjective contours
  • Closure
  • Pragnaz
Term
Theory of isomorphism
Definition
  • Wolfgang Kohler
  • Objects of perception map perfectly (i.e., to scale) onto patterns of neural activation
Term
Illusions of motion
Definition
  • Apparent motion (aka: stroboscopic movement, phi phenomenon)
  • Induced motion
  • Autokinetic effect
  • Motion aftereffect
Term
Apparent motion
Definition
  • Also called stroboscopic movement or the phi phenomenon
  • Occurs when two dots of light, flashed in different locations in succession, appear to be a single beam of moving light
Term
Stroboscopic movement
Definition
  • Apparent motion
  • Also called the phi phenomenon
  • Occurs when two dots of light, flashed in different locations in succession, appear to be a single beam of moving light
Term
Phi phenomenon
Definition
  • Apparent motion
  • Also called stroboscopic movement
  • Occurs when two dots of light, flashed in different locations in succession, appear to be a single beam of moving light
Term
Proximal stimulus vs. distal stimulus (vision)
Definition
  • Proximal: image projected onto the retina; what is perceived
  • Distal: actual object
Term
Visual constancies (4)
Definition
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Lightness
  • Colour
Term
Emmert's law
Definition
  • Perceived size of an object depends on its distance from the viewer
Term
Ames room
Definition
  • Visual illusion demonstrating size constancy
  • Although both people appear to be the same distance from the viewer, one is much further away. The brain perceives that one person is huge and the other is tiny.
Term
Moon illusion
Definition
  • Example of visual constancy processes
  • Moon looks larger when on the horizon then at zenith
Term
Muller-Lyer illusion
Definition
[image]
Term
Hering illusion
Definition
[image]
Term
Ponzo illusion
Definition
  • [image]
Term
Wundt illusion
Definition
[image]
Term
Poggendorff illusion
Definition
[image]
Term
Frequency and intensity (re: Sound perception)
Definition
  • Frequency: cycles per second (Hz); inversely related to wavelength
  • Intensity: amplitude/loudness (bels, decibels)
Term
Objective dimensions of sound, subjective dimensions of sound
Definition

Objective

  • Frequency
  • Intensity

Subjective

  • Pitch
  • Timbre
  • Loudness
Term
Pitch
Definition
  • Subjective perception of frequency
Term
Loudness
Definition
  • Subjective perception of intensity
Term
Scientific names of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Definition
  • Malleus: hammer
  • Incus: anvil
  • Stapes: stirrup
Term
Describe the inner ear
Definition
  • Connected to the middle ear via the stapes (i.e., stirrup), which touches the oval window
  • On the cochlea lies the basilar membrane, which contains the organ of Corti
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
  • Location of auditory receptors in the inner ear
  • Hair cells bend when exposed to noise stimulus, which sends electrical signal to brain via auditory nerve
Term
Describe how sound is recognized (beginning with middle ear)
Definition
  • Vibrations in the ossicles move into inner ear via the oval window
  • Cochlear fluid receives vibrations
  • Basilar membrane receives vibrations
  • Vibrations in the basilar membrane cause movement in the tectorial membrane above
  • Hair cells on organ of Corti send electrical signals to the brain via the auditory nerve
Term
Auditory pathway in the brain
Definition
  1. Auditory nerve
  2. Superior olive
  3. Inferior colliculus
  4. Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
  5. Auditory cortex
Term
Place-resonance theory
Definition
  • Helmholtz and Young
  • We perceive pitch because each pitch sitmulates a unique place on the basilar membrane
Term
Frequency theory
Definition
  • We perceive pitch because rate of basilar membrane vibration equals frequency of the stimulus
  • Limited to sounds less that 1000 Hz
Term
Volley principle
Definition
  • Wever and Bray
  • Expansion of frequency theory
  • High rates of neural firing (i.e., exceeding 1000 Hz) can be achieved if nerve fibres cooperate
Term
Bekesy's traveling wave
Definition
  • Von Bekesy
  • Although all sounds cause vibrations along the entire basilar membrane, there is differentially greater vibration in certain areas depending on freqency of the stimulus
  • High frequencies cause greater vibrations near the oval window
  • Low frequencies cause greater vibrations near the tip of the cochlea
Term
Where are smell receptors located?
Definition
  • Olfactory epithelium (upper nasal passage)
Term
Pacinian corpuscles
Definition
  • Touch receptors for deep pressure
Term
Meissner corpuscles
Definition
  • Touch receptors
Term
Merkle's discs
Definition
  • Touch receptors for slow indentation
Term
Ruffini endings
Definition
  • Touch receptors for warmth
Term
Two-point thresholds
Definition
  • Two-point thresholds refer to the distance required for two points of pressure to be perceived as distinct
  • Depends on the density of nerve fibres in the skin
Term
Physiological zero
Definition
  • Skin temperature is physiological zero
  • Perception of warming up or cooling down correspond with changes in ambient temperature against the skin
Term
Proprioception
Definition
  • Perception of the body's orientation
Term
Yerkes-Dodson law
Definition
  • Performance is weak at very high and very low levels of arousal
Term
Theory of motivation
Definition
  • Clark Hull
  • Also known as drive-reduction theory
  • Behaviours are motivated by reducing biological drives
Term
Ethology
Definition
  • Study of animals in their natural habitat
Term
Second-order conditioning
Definition
  • Occurs when a new stimulus is repeatedly presented prior to the conditioned stimulus, causing the specimen to exhibit the conditioned response to a stimulus that is not paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Sensory preconditioning
Definition
  • Occurs when you repeatedly expose a specimen to paired (i.e., two) neutral stimuli, condition a response to one of these stimuli, then observe the conditioned response when the other stimulus is presented
Term
Contingency explanation of classical conditioning
Definition
  • Robert Rescola
  • Classical conditioning depends on contingencies, not temporal association
  • So long as a neutral stimulus is salient and provides meaningful predictive value, it need not be presented temporally close to an unconditioned stimulus in order to become a conditioned stimulus
Term
Blocking (classical conditioning)
Definition
  • When a contingency is learned, such that CS --> CR, neutral stimuli that may also predict the UCS are not learned
Term
Law of effect
Definition
  • E. L. Thorndike
  • Reinforced responses are more likely to reoccur (and vice versa)
Term
Difference between Thorndike and Skinner
Definition
  • Thorndike pioneered law of effect
  • His ideas were based on pleasure and annoyance (i.e., annoying outcomes would be avoided behaviourally, etc.)
  • Skinner held same ideas, except operationalized them into reinforcement and punishment
Term
Two types of negative reinforcement
Definition
  • Escape: certain behaviour stops the unpleasant outcome
  • Avoidance: certain behaviour prevents unpleasant outcome from ever occurring
Term
Discriminative stimulus
Definition
  • Stimulus that indicates that a behaviour will have consequences
Term
Partial reinforcement effect
Definition
  • Extiction of a behaviour takes longer when the behaviour was only reinforced some of the time
Term
Differential reinforcement
Definition
  • Shaping
Term
Implosion
Definition
  • Behaviour therapy in which individual pictures himself in an anxiety-provoking situation
Term
Contingency management
Definition
  • Behavioural therapies that rely on operant conditioning
Term
Premack principle
Definition
  • A more-preferred stimulus can be used to reinforce a less-preferred stimulus
  • Used in behaviour therapies
Term
Kohler's evidence against stimulus-response behaviourism
Definition
  • Monkeys problem solving by demonstrating insight
Term
Insight
Definition
  • Understanding of relationships that allows for complex problem-solving
Term
Biological constraints
Definition
  • Animal instincts or behavioural predispositions
  • Constraints because they prevent conditioning paradigms from working as expected
Term
Preparedness
Definition
  • Innate ability to associate particular stimuli with particular consequences
Term
Garcia effect
Definition
  • John Garcia
  • Rats demonstrated aversive conditioning when electric shock was paired with light-noise/water, and when sweetened water was paired with nausea
  • The opposite conditions (i.e., shock/sweet water; nausea/light-noise water) showed no aversive conditioning
  • Evidence of preparedness
Term
Instinctual drift
Definition
  • Marion & Keller Breland
  • Evident when animals act instinctually despite receiveing operant training
Term
Tinbergen's four questions
Definition
[image]
Term
Fixed-action patterns (FAP)
Definition
  • Innate, species typical patterns of complex behaviour
Term
Sign stimuli
Definition
  • Trigger fixed-action patterns in animals
  • Can be from other animals (i.e., releasers) or the environment
  • All releasers are sign stimuli, but not all sign stimuli are releasers

 

Term
Releasers
Definition
  • Trigger fixed-action patterns in animals
  • Sign stimuli from other animals
  • All releasers are sign stimuli, but not all sign stimuli are releasers
Term
Supernormal stimulus
Definition
  • A sign stimulus that does not occur in nature but is more effective at producing a fixed-action pattern than a sign stimulus
Term
Innate releasing mechanism (IRM)
Definition
  • Mechanism through which animals are able to initiate the correct fixed-action response given the corresponding sign stimulus
Term
Method of savings
Definition
  • Ebbinghaus

[image]

Term
Forgetting curve
Definition
  • Ebbinghaus
  • Graph of savings (%) by time (days)
  • Demonstrates that, without rehearsal, we forget quickly, but the rate of forgetting tapers off over time
Term
Generation-recognition model
Definition
  • Recall and recognition tasks involve the same retrieval processes
  • Recall tasks have one extra step in the processing of information (i.e., generation of retrieved information)
Term
Stage theory of memory
Definition
  • Memory is comprised of different systems (i.e., sensory, STM/WM, LTM)
Term
Semantic verification task
Definition
  • Participant decides if statement is true or false
  • Used to measure degree of semantic relatedness
  • Outcome measure: response latency
Term
Spreading activation model
Definition
  • Collins and Loftus
  • Links between concepts demonstrate semantic relatedness (i.e., shorter distances = closer relationship)
Term
Semantic feature-comparison model
Definition
  • Smith, Shoben, Rips
  • Semantic relatedness depends on the prototypicality of the concept; i.e., does it have features that are required of the concept?
Term
Levels-of-processing theory
Definition
  • Craik & Lockart
  • Also called depth-of-processing theory
  • What is remembered is determined by the level at which the information is processed
  • Level 1: physical (visual)
  • Level 2: acoustic
  • Level 3: semantic
Term
Dual-code hypothesis
Definition
  • Paivio
  • Abstract information is stored verbally
  • Concrete information is stored visually and verbally
Term
Inhibition theory
Definition
  • We forget because what we learn afterward interferes
Term
Encoding specificity
Definition
  • Recall is easier when the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of attempted recall
Term
State-dependent learning
Definition
  • Example of encoding specificity
  • Better recall when mood at the time of encoding matches mood at the time of recall
Term
Zeigarnik effect
Definition
  • Tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed ones
Term
Mental set
Definition
  • Way of thinking about a problem that is shaped by previous successes in solving that problem
  • e.g., Luchins water-jar problem
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
  • Thinking about objects in the ways they are used, and not in innovative roles
  • Impedent to problem solving

 

Term
Divergent thinking
Definition
  • Creative thinking that generates novel uses of objects
  • Studied by Guildford
Term
Base-rate fallacy
Definition
  • Represenativeness heuristic
  • Occurs when generalizations are made based on stereotypical or prototypical observations without regard to numerical data about a population
Term
Theory of grammar
Definition
  • Chomsky
  • Surface grammatical structure: syntax.
  • Deep grammatical structure: meaning.
  • Transformational rules: set of rules that allow us to manipulate grammatical structures.
Term
Language relativity hypothesis
Definition
  • Benjamin Whorf
  • Also called Whorfian hypothesis
  • Language shapes our perception
Term
g
Definition
  • Charles Spearman
  • Differences in intelligence arise from a single factor: g
Term
Primary mental abilities
Definition
  • Louis Thurstone
  • e.g., processing speed, comprehension, reasoning
  • Abilities for which there are interpersonal and intrapersonal variation
Term
Triarchic theory
Definition
  • Robert Sternberg
  • Three aspects of intelligence are componential (test performance), experiential (creativity), and contextual (street smarts)
Term
Theory of multiple intelligences
Definition
  • Howard Gardner
  • We have seven intellectual domains, in which there is interpersonal and intrapersonal variation
Term
Fluid intelligence
Definition
  • Raymond Cattell
  • Ability to recognize relationships and infer information from novel situations
Term
Parallel distributed processes
Definition
  • Proposed by McClelland & Rumelhart
  • Information is processed in various regions of the brain at the same time (i.e., in parallel)
Term
Formula for z score
Definition
[image]
Term
Mean and standard deviation of t-score
Definition
  • Mean = 50
  • SD = 10
Term
Type I error
Definition
  • False positive
Term
Type II error
Definition
  • False negative
Term
F ratio
Definition
  • Between-groups variance/Within-groups variance
Term
Beta (in statistics)
Definition
  • Probability of making a Type II error (i.e., failing to detect real effect)
Term
Methods of estimating reliability
Definition
  • Test-retest
  • Alternative-forms
  • Split-half
Term
Content validity
Definition
  • Adequately measures content (e.g., skill or knowledge)
Term
Criterion validity
Definition
  • Predictive validity
Term
Ratio IQ
Definition

[image]

 

  • Problematic because at some point age will increase but mental age will be constant, causing decrease in IQ without change in intelligence

 

Term
Deviation IQ
Definition
  • Norm-referenced IQ
Term
Empirical criterion-keying approach
Definition
  • Used to select items for the MMPI
  • Questions that were endorsed by clinical sample but not non-clinical sample were added to the scale, regardless of face validity
Term
California Psychological Inventory
Definition
  • Similar to MMPI
Term
Blacky Pictures
Definition
  • Projective test used with children
  • Scenes correspond to psychosexual stages
Term
Name a projective test that uses sentence stems
Definition
  • Rotter Incomplete Sentences Bank
Term
Barnum effect
Definition
  • People will agree with the personality report that you give them, even when using generic traits (e.g., horoscopes)
Term
Holand's model of occupational themes
Definition
  • RIASEC
  • i.e., realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
  • Themes through which individuals choose their career interests
Term
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
Definition
  • Interest test that informs individuals of career options
  • Based on Holland's RIASEC model
Term
Idiographic approach
Definition
  • Described by Gordon Allport
  • Personality research through case studies
  • Allport claims that this is the ideal approach (over nomothetic)
Term
Nomothetic approach
Definition
  • Described by Gordon Allport
  • Personality research by studying populations
Term
Schizotypal personality disorder
Definition
  • Odd thinking
  • Illusions (perceptual and delusionary)
  • Few social relationships
Term
Cluster A personality disorders
Definition
  • Paranoid
  • Schizoid
  • Schizotypal
Term
Cluster B personality disorders
Definition
  • Antisocial
  • Borderline
  • Histrionic
  • Narcissistic
Term
Cluster C personality disorders
Definition
  • Avoidant
  • Dependent
  • Obsessive-compulsive
Term
Interneurons
Definition
  • Reflexive behaviour
  • Bottom-up nervous processing
Term
Ontogeny
Definition
  • Development of the organism from conception onward
Term
Induced motion
Definition
  • Object appears to move because of movement of objects around it
Term
Kinetic depth effect
Definition
  • Type of motion parallax
  • Depth can be perceived when a 3D object is in motion
Term
Motion parallax
Definition
  • When the observer is in motion, you can infer an object's distance by how quickly it appears to move
Term
Infant temperments
Definition
  • Thomas and Chess
  • Easy, slow-to-warm-up, and difficult
  • Based on mood, regularity of bodily functions, and reaction to new environments
Term
Neurotic personality
Definition
  • Karen Horney
  • Children exposed to unfavourable circumstances will develop basic anxiety. They cope by moving toward people, moving against people, and moving away from people. Healthy individuals will use all three strategies, whereas the neurotic personality will adhere to one.
  • Neurotic personality is described by needs that fall under one of the aformentioned 3 categories. These are extreme/abnormal variations of healthy behaviour.
Term
According to Hans Eysenck, what are the three dimensions of personality?
Definition
  • Introversion-extraversion
  • Stability-neuroticism
  • Psychoticism
Term
According to Gordon Allport, what are the three trait classifications in the personality?
Definition
  • Cardinal
  • Central
  • Secondary
Term
Law of specific nerve energies
Definition
  • Johannes Muller
  • Each sensory nerve is excited by a single type of stimulus, and sensation depends on the part of the brain that the nerve activates
Term
Sociobiology
Definition
  • Study of the ways in which social behaviour impact reproductive fitness
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