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GRE Psychology: Clinical
Princeton Review, 7th ed.
43
Psychology
Graduate
10/17/2009

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Term
Psychoanalytic theory (overview)
Definition
Views conflict as central to human nature: conflict is that between different drives (conscious/unconscious) vying for attention. The individual is motivated by drive reduction. Originally, this was between libido and the ego. Later, this was revised between Eros and Thanatos (life and death). Freud also preferred a topographic model of mental life in which conscious elements were openly acknowledged and unconscious elements resided below this layer. Later, this was structural, between the ego, id, and superego.
Term
Psychic determinism (Freudian)
Definition
Pathological behavior, dreams, and unconcious behavior are all symptoms of underlying, unresolved conflict, which are manifested when the ego does not find acceptable ways to express conflict.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
A patient is usually seen 4-5 times a week, for many years. Free association, a technique where patient reports thoughts without censure of guidance, is used, as the unconscious is thought to be looking for a way out.
Term
Catharsis or abreaction
Definition
The discharge of repressed emotion (Freudian)
Term
Transference
Definition
Freud postulated that patients would react to the therapist much like they reacted to their parents. The therapist-patient relationship then serves as a metaphor for the patient's repressed emotions about their parents. Countertransference is how the therapist feels about their patient.
Term
Goal of psychoanalytic therapy
Definition
Aims to lessen the unconscious pressures on the individual by making as much of this material conscious as possible. This will allow the ego to better mediator of forces.
Term
Aggression (Freudian)
Definition
A central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet.
Term
Defense mechanism
Definition
A way in which the ego protects itself from threatening unconscious material or forces. These include repression, rationalization, projection, displacement, reaction formation, compensation, sublimation, identifcation, undoing, countertransference, dreams.
Term
Pleasure Principle
Definition
Also known as primary process, this is the human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Term
Reality Principle
Definition
Secondary process. Guided by the ego and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification.
Term
Screen memory
Definition
memories that serve as representations of important childhood environments.
Term
Individual theory (overview)
Definition
Founded by Alfred Adler. People are viewed as creative, social, and whole as opposed to Freud's more negative and structural approach. Described people in process of realization as 'becoming'. During this journey, individual is motivated by social needs and feelings of inferiority. A healthy individual pursues goals in spite of feelings of inferiority; has a will to power. On this quest, a healthy individual will pursue goals outside of himself and beneficial to society.
Term
Abnormal theory (Individual)
Definition
Unhealthy individuals are too much affected by infereior feelings to pursue the will to power. Make excuses or have a "yes, but" mentality. If they do pursue goals, they are likely to be self-serving.
Term
Individual Therapy
Definition
A psychodynamic apporach in which unconsicous feelings do play a role. More important is an examination of a person's lifestyle and approaches.
Term
Goals of Individual Therapy
Definition
Adlerian therapy aims to reduce feelings of inferiority and and to foster social interest and social contribution.
Term
Criticisms of Adlerian therapy
Definition
Best used with 'normal' people in search of growth.
Term
Criticism of Psychoanalysis
Definition
Formed from single case studies, and, therefore, not scientific.
Term
Ruling-dominant type (choleric)
Definition
High in activity but low in social contributions
Term
Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic)
Definition
Low in activity and high in social contribution.
Term
Avoiding type (melancholic)
Definition
Low in activity and low in social contribution.
Term
Socially useful type (sanguine)
Definition
High in activity and high in social contribution.
Term
Analytic theory
Definition
Formed by Carl Jung. Postulated that the psyche was directed towards life and awareness (rather than sex). In each person, psyche contains conscious and unconscious elements. The unconscious is divided into two types: personal (material from a person's own experiences) and collective (dynamics inherited from ancestors; archetypes)
Term
Archetype (Jung)
Definition
Universally meaningful concepts, passed down through the collective unconsciousness. Indicated by cross-cultural similarities in symbols, folklore, and myths. Most cited: persona (outer mask), shadow (person's dark side), anima (female elements possessed by a man), animus (opposite of anima), and self (full individual potential, symbolized in cultures by figures such as Buddha or Jesus).
Term
Abnormal theory (Jung)
Definition
psychopathology is a signal that something is wrong in the makeup of the psyche.
Term
Jungian therapy
Definition
Approach is psychodynamic because unconscious elements are addressed. In order to become more aware, material is explored through the analysis of dreams.
Term
Goal of therapy (Jungian)
Definition
Use unconscious messages in order to become more aware and closer to full potential.
Term
Criticisms of Jung
Definition
Analytic theory is far too mystical.
Term
Client-centered theory
Definition
Started by Carl Rogers. It is humanistic, in that it has an optimistic outlook on human nature. Its main tenet is that individuals have an actualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and towards full potential.
Term
Abnormal Theory (Rogers)
Definition
People who lack congruence between their real selves and their conscious self-concept develop tension.
Term
Therapy (Rogers)
Definition
Person-centered therapy is directed by the client. The therapist is non-directive. Job of the therapist is to provide: empathy (therapist should appreciate rather than just observe), unconditional positive regard, and genuineness/congruence (feelings of therapist should match).
Term
Goal of therapy (Rogers)
Definition
Provide a trusting atmosphere where client can tap their own vast resources.
Term
Criticism of Rogers therapy
Definition
Rogers used no diagnostic tools.
Term
Behavior Theory
Definition
Founded by Skinner, Pavlov, and Wolpe. Application of operant and classical conditioning to human abnormal behavior. It is a model based on learning. Behavioralists change maladaptive behavior through new learning.
Term
Behavior therapy
Definition
Short-term and directed. Thoughts, feelings, and unconscious motivations are not addressed in behavior therapy. Therapist uses counterconditioning techniues to foster the learning of new responses in the client.
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition
Developed by Wolpe, applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety. Client is given repeated exposure to anxiety stimulus in a relaxing situation. The first step is often imagery; eventually, the anxiety response will be extinguished.
Term
Flooding or implosive therapy
Definition
Applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety. Client is repeatedly exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus.
Term
Aversion therapy
Definition
Employs operant principle of negative reinforcement to increase anxiety. Used to treat fetishes.
Term
Shaping
Definition
Uses operant conditioning. Client is reinforced until actions are suitable.
Term
Modeling
Definition
Employs social learning principles. Method exposes client to more adaptive behaviors.
Term
Assertiveness training
Definition
Provides tools and experience so that the client may become more assertive.
Term
Role playing
Definition
Allows client to practice new behaviors and responses.
Term
Criticisms of behavior therapy
Definition
Accused of treating symptoms rather than the problem.
Term
Cognitive Theory
Definition
Founded by Beck. Cites conscious thought patterns as the dominant role in people's lives. Thoughts determine feelings and behavior. The way a person interprets experience, rather than the experience itself, is more important.
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