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| Began the history modern memory research in 1885. Used meaningless strings of letters to study the capacity of our memory system. |
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1867-1927
Structuralist--goal of this was to break consciousness down into its elements
Trained by Wundt
Used introspection |
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| Structuralism (Titchner) spawned off: |
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Functionalism
Behaviorism
Gestalt psychology |
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Linguist
Elouent critique of Skinner's Verbal Behavior
Speech can't possibly be all due to reinforcement. Brilliant. |
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| Three research methods of cognitists |
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Mental chronometry
Eye movements
Brain imaging |
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| Ebbinghaus' Experimentation |
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Definition
Used himself as a subject.
Memorized nonsense syllables, then distracted himself with other lists, then measured how much he remembered with his method of savings
--How many times he had to read it to rememorize it. |
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Method of savings
Memorize in 20 trials one day, 8 the next. |
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| Takes you 20 trials to memorize a list. Next day takes only 8. 20-8/20 * 100 = 60% savings |
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| Without practice, forget rapidly, then when it reaches a low (say 20%) it plateaus and forget much slower. |
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| Three mental processes of memory |
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| Encoding, storage, retrieval |
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| Generation-recognition model |
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| Recall and recognition tap the same basic process, but recall involves an extra step. You have to generate info instead of recognizing. Duh. |
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Stage theory of memory
Remember this shit. |
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Very influential theory.
Different memory systems sensory, working/short term and long term |
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Decide whether stimulus is word or non word.
When given two words (both real or both nonreal) task goes faster if words are related. |
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| Long term vs Short term encoding |
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Short term encoded with phonological or acoustic.
Long term encoded on basis of meaning |
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| Semantic verification task |
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Is simple statement true or false?
Time it takes to respond is response latency.
Pattern of response latencies should give info on how semantic knowledge is stored. |
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| Collin's and Loftus' Spreading Activation model |
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Definition
The shorter the distance between two word in the model, the closer related in semantic memory.
AKA, they put down words and put them next to each other in terms of meaning. Bored much? |
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Semantic feature comparison model
Smith, Shoben & Rips |
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Concepts are represented by sets of features
Some features required, some typical
College has faculty (required) and gives degrees (required) and has fraternities (typical)
The more overlap in features, the faster you respond |
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| Levels/Depth of Processing theory |
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Definition
Proposed by Craik and Lockart
What determines how long you remember is not the system, but the way you process
Three stages: physical, acoustical, semantic (most processing) |
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| Paivio's Dual-code hypothesis |
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Info can be store in two ways: visually and verbally
Abstract is encoded verbally, and concrete is both |
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The assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall is like the context during the original.
Aka, I will not remember this shit cus I'm not taking the test in Panera. |
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| Will recall better if you psychological or physical state at the time of recall is the same as your state when you memorized it. |
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| System of associating info with some sequence of places familiar to you |
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Eyewitness
Eyewitness testimony is faulty.
Recently studied the accuracy of repressed memories that return later in life |
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| Remember incomplete tasks better than completed |
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| Luchin's water jar problem |
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Three empty jars, how do you do each one. Tend to complete the rest based on how you did the first/example.
Called a mental set |
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| Guilford's Divergent thinking |
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Definition
What can you use a brick for?
Those with divergent thinking say, as a candle holder or a birthday present.
So, they're stupid. But think outside the box. |
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| David Kahneman and Amos Tversky |
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| Humans use heuristics--short-cuts of rules of thumb to make decisions |
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Are there more words that start with K or have K as a third letter?
Most answer that start with K. This is wrong, but since we categorize by the 1st letter, we answer this. |
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| Representativeness heuristic |
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| Categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototype. Commonality between similar looking obects is assumed. |
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Involved in representativeness heuristic
Using prototypes rather than actual numerical information (Asshole must be engineering student, even though they make up 1% of grad school population) |
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| A list of all possible moves you can make |
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Walked has two
walk and ed |
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| Chomsky's Surface Grammatical Structure |
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| The surface structure of a sentence is the actual word order |
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| Chomskey's Deep Grammatical Structure |
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Definition
| The deep structure of a sentence is an underling form that specifies the meaning of the sentence |
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How we can change one sentence structure into another
ej. The house is green and Is the house green? Transformational tells us how to change statement into a sentence |
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Whorfian Hypothesis Linguistic relativity Hypothesis |
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Our perception of reality is determined by the content of language. Language affects the way we think, not the other way around |
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| Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin |
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| Girls have better verbal ability than boys |
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A prominent educationa psychologist who studied intelligence
Claims IQ tests measure completely only genetics. Studied across racial lines. AKA got a lot of controversy |
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Published a 2 volume book about parallel distributed processes (pdp)
Information processing is distributed across the brain and done in a parallel fashion. Huh. |
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| Refer to a person's ability to think about and monitor cognition and memory |
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