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GRE Psychology
Sensation and Perception
96
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/05/2008

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Term
Ernst Weber
Definition
Published De Tactu in 1834
Introduced just noticeable difference (jnd) in sensation
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
Formulated by Fechner
The mathematical expression of Weber's JND's
Term
Wertheimer's
Definition
Founder of Gestalt psychology
Phi Phenomenon
Term
Absolute thresholds
Definition
The minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system
Term
Limen
Definition
Another word for threshold
Ex. Subliminal Perception--perception of stimuli below a threshold
Term
Difference threshold
Definition
The minimum difference between two stimuluses before a difference is perceived
standard and comparison stimuluses
Measures the same thing as a JND, but in different units (The difference threshold is 2 ounces, which is 1 jnd. 4 ounces= 2 JND's)
Term
Weber's law formula
Definition
? I/I=K
? I= change in intensity
I= stimulus intensity
K=weber's fraction/constant
Sometimes ? S/S=K
Smaller K = better sensitivity
Term
Fechner's law
Definition
Relates the intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation
Derived from Weber's law
Determined sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases
Term
Steven's power law
Definition
Performed experiments showing Fechner could be incorrect
Results best fit by Steven's new equation, called his power law
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition
Instead of measuring what the person says they perceive, it uses other nonsensory factors to perceive if it was perceived.
Term
Response bias
Definition
The tendency of subjects to respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

Ex. One person wants to make sure she heard the tone, another just has an inkling and says she heard it.
Term
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)curves
Definition
Used to graphically summarize a subject's responses in a signal detection experiment
Term
John A Sweet
Definition
Refined the use of the ROC curves
Term
Steps in sensory information processing
Definition
1) Reception 2) Transduction (Translation into neural impulses or APs) 3) Info sent to all projection areas
Term
Projection areas
Definition
Along various neural pathways, further analyzing sensory input
Term
Cornea
Definition
The clear, domelike window in the fron of the eye
Gathers and focuses the incoming light
Term
Pupil
Definition
Hole in iris, contracts in bright light, expands in dim
Term
Iris
Definition
Colored, has involuntary muscles and autonomic nerve fibers
Controls size of pupil
Term
Lens
Definition
Right behind iris
Helps control the curvature of the light coming in, can focus near or distant objects in the retina
Term
Retina
Definition
In the back of the eye, like a screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels.
Detects images
Term
Duplexity or duplicity theory of vision
Definition
The retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors:
Rods
Cones
Term
Cones
Definition
Color vision
Perceiving fine detail
Most effective in bright light
We can see chromatic and achromatic colors
Term
Rods
Definition
Function best in reduced light
Allow perception of achromatic colors
Low sensitivity to detail and not involved in color vision
Term
Cones and rods: Which has more?!?!
Definition
Rods
Closer to fovea, more cones
So visual acuity is best in fovea
Term
Fovea
Definition
The middle section of the retina
Contains only cones
The further away from the fovea, the more rods and less cones
Visual acuity is best here
Term
Several layers of neurons between the receptors in eyes and the optic nerve
Definition
Horizontal
Amacrine
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Term
How do rods and cones connect to optic nerve?
Definition
The rods and cones connect with bipolar neurons.
These then connect with ganglion cells.
The ganglion cells group together to form the optic nerve.
Term
Optic nerve
Definition
Made up of ganglion cells
Each ganglia represents the actitivity of multiple rods n cones
==loss of detail
--the more receptors in one ganglion, the hard it is to make out fine detail
Term
Cones/rods and ganglion
Definition
Less cones than rods on each ganglion
So cones are more sensitive to detail
Term
Image on left side of person
Definition
Forms the right half of each eye's retina, and vice versa
Term
Optic Chiasm
Definition
Fibers from nasal half of retina (closest to nose) cross paths
Term
Nasal fibers vs temporal fibers
Definition
The nasal fibers go to opposite side of the brain, while temporal fibers stay on the same side
Term
Where does info from optic chiasm go?
Definition

Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

Visual Cortex of Occipital

Superior Colliculi

Term
Hubel and Weisel
Definition

Work on visual cortex earned Nobel Prize in 1981 Feature detection theory

Term
Feature detection theory
Definition
Certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli
Term
Huber and Weisel's three types of cells
Definition
Simple
Complex
Hypercomplex
Term
Simple Cells
Definition
Give information about the orientation and boundaries of an object
Term
Complex Cells
Definition
Give more advanced information about orientation, such as movement
Term
Hypercomplex Cells
Definition
Give information about more abstract concepts such as object shape
Term
Single-cell recording
Definition
Hubel and Wiesel used
Placing a microelectrode to measure response of single cell
Term
Illumination vs Brightness
Definition
Illumination is the objective measure while brightness is subjective impression
Term
Why does dark adaptation happen?
Definition
Light reaching photoreceptors before you enter the dark bleaches the photopigment in the rods.
While the pigment is regenerating, you are adapting
Term
Rhodopsin
Definition
The photopigment of the rod
Made up of retinal, a derivitive of vitamin A, and opsin, a protein.
Term
Bleaching
Definition
When rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, the pigment decomposes, and splits into retinene and opsin.
Term
Simultaneous brightness contrast
Definition
Target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than a lighter stimulus. Duh.
Term
Lateral inhibition
Definition
Adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another. One cell gets excited, neighbors are inhibited. This highlights the borders between dark and light areas.
Term
Color perception
Definition
Related to the wavelength entering the eye
Term
Additive vs Subtractive color mixture
Definition
Subtractive is when you mix pigments (blue + yellw = green)
Additive is lights. Our eyes deal with lights. Primary colors are blue green and red. Mix red and green = yellow.
Term
Young-Helmhotz/ trichromatic theory
Definition
Retina has 3 types of color receptors (cones). One sensitive to red, one to blue, one to green. Light enters eye, hits retina, receptors stimulated to varying degress.
Modern research shows he's right
Term
Ewald Herin's criticism of trichromatic theory/
opponent-process theory of color vision
Definition
Yellow must be a primary color along with red blue and green. Arranged in opposing pairs. Red would excite red-green cell.
So, since a cell can't increase and decrease, you'd never have a reddish green.
Plus black/white.
Term
Interposition/overlap
Definition
The cue for depth perception
1) Oject covers or overlaps with another object
2) We see overlapping object as being in front
Term
Afterimages
Definition
A visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus.
Watch red square, see green one
Led Herring to his theory
Term
Relative size
Definition
Cue for depth perception
Object farther away, image on retina gets smaller
Compare size on retina, find out how far away it is
Term
Linear perspective
Definition
Convergence of parallel lines in distance
Actually parallel, appear to converge on the horizon
Term
Texture Gradients
Definition
J.J. Gibson
Variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer
More distant look more tightly packed
Term
Motion parallax
Definition
Moving car, fixate on object halfway between you and horizon.
Objects close to you move with you, objects close to horizon don't.
Term
Kinetic depth effect
Definition
Object other than the perceiver moves, the motion lets us have clues about relative depth of the parts of the object
Term
Binocular disparity/Stereopsis
Definition
The distance between the eyes provides us with two slightly disparate views of the world.
Brain combines 2 images, we get a perception of depth (stereopsis)
Term
Binocular parallax
Definition
The degree of disparity between the retinal images of the eyes due to the slight differences in the horizontal position of each eye
Term
Binocular depth cue
Definition
Stereopsis
Depth cue, Requires two eyes
Term
Monocular depth cues
Definition
Depth cue, uses one eye
Term
Perception of Form
Figure vs Ground
Definition
Figure is the intergrated visual experience that stands out at the center of attention
Ground is the background against which the figure appears
Term
Law of Proximity
Definition
Elements close to each other tend to be perceived as a unit
Term
Law of similarity
Definition
Similar objects are grouped together
Term
Law of good continuation
Definition
Elements following the same direction are grouped together
Term
Subjective contours and closure
Definition
Perceiving contours, and therefore shapes that may not actually exist
Term
Law of pragnanz
Definition
Encompasses other laws--perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple and symmetric as possible
Term
Wolfgang Kohler's theory os isomorphism
Definition
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the percetual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain.
Not so happy empiracally wise
Term
Real motion
Definition
actually moving the light
Term
Apparent motion
Definition
illusion occuring when 2 dots flashed in different locations seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot
Term
Induced motion
Definition
illusionof movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved
Term
Autokinetic effect
Definition
illusion that occurs when a spot of light appears to move erractically in a dark room, simply because there is no frame of reference
Term
Motion aftereffect
Definition
first view a moving pattern, like stripes moving to the right, then view a spot of light. light appears to move in opposite direction.
Term
Proximal stimuli
Definition
the information our sensory receptors receive about the object
image on the retina
Term
Distal stimuli
Definition
actual object or event out there in world
task of perception is to appropriately perceive the distal stimulus
Term
Size constancy
Definition
Distance constant, bigger object, bigger retina image
Object size constant, closer=bigger image
Term
Emmert's Law
Definition
Describes relationship between size constancy and apparent distance
Farther away the object, mor the brain's scaling device compensates for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object
Term
Illusions
Definition
Look up on pg 193
Term
Preferential looking
Definition
2 stimuli presented side by side
More time spent on one object, infant prefers
Young like to look at complex and socially relevant stimuli (mom's face)
Term
Habituation
Definition
New stimulus is presented to infant, they orient towards it.
If infant can't tell the different between the old and new, the infant remains disinterested.
Term
Sound Frequency
Definition
Number of cycles per second and measured in Hertz (Hz)
Term
Intensity
Definition

Amplitude/height of the air pressure wave

Measured in Bels

Bel is large, talk about in decibels

Term
Loudness
Definition
The subjective experience of the magnitude or intensity of the sound
Term
Pitch
Definition
The subjective experience of the frequency of sound
Term
Timbre
Definition
The quality of a particular sound
Term
Pinna
Definition
The first place a sound wave reaches
Channels sound waves into the auditory canal
Term
Eardrum
Definition

Auditory canal channels sound here

 Aka tympanic membrane

Vibrates with incoming sound wanves

Term
Ossicles
Definition
The tiny bones in middle ear

Hammer, anvil, stirrup
aka malleus, incus and stapes
Term
Oval window
Definition
The entrance to the inner ear
Term
Cochlea
Definition
Inner ear
Filled with cochlear fluid
Term
Basilar membrane
Definition
membrane running the length of cochlea
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
rests on the basilar membrane
thousand of hair cells
hair=receptors for hearing
Term
Helmholtz's Place-Resonance Theory
Definition
The movement of basilar membrane determines our perception of pitch
Place theory--each different pitch causes a different place on basilar membrane to vibrate
Term
Frequency Theory
Definition
Basilar membrane vibrates as a whole.
Rate of vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus.
Term
Bekesys Traveling Wave
Definition
Movement of basilar is maximal at a different place for each different frequency
Term
I just didnt read the last 3 pages of this. Boring as fuck
Definition
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