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| perception and cognition are largely innate |
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| perception is the sum total of sesory input. The world is understood through a bottom-up processing. |
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| people tend to see the world as comprised of organized whole. The world is understood through top-down processing. |
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| perceptual development : the increasing ability of a child to make finer discriminations among stimuli. |
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| all the things a person sees - trains people to perceive. |
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| figure and ground realtionship |
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| the relationship betwee the maningful figure and the background |
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| the most important depth cue - our eyes see objects from slightly different angles, allowing us to create a three dimensional picture. |
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| gives us cues as to how far away an object is if we know how big the object should be. |
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| overlap of objects shows which object is closer |
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| two seemingly parallel lines that converge in the distance |
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| how we see texture at finer gradients depending on distance. |
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| Ships far away seem to move slower than ships nearby. |
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| afterimages are perceived because of fatigued receptors. |
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| the result of regeneration of retinal pigment |
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| experience will be organized as meaningful, symmetrical, and simple whenever possible. |
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| closure, proximity, good continuation, symmetry, constancy, Minimum principle. |
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| tendency to complete incomplete figures |
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| tendency to group items together that are near each other. |
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| tendency to create a whole based on our expectations rather than what is seen. |
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| tendency to make figures out of symmetrical objects |
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| people perceive objects in the way that they are familiar with them, regardless of actual retinal image. |
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| knowing that an elephant is large no matter how it might appear |
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| knowing the color of an object even with tinted glasses on. |
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| the tedency to see what is easiest or logical to see. |
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| can be perceived as two different figures depending on how you look at them |
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| figure-ground reversal pattern |
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| objects that are drawn and can be perceived but are physically impossible. |
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| the moon looks larger on the horizon |
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| the tendency to percieve smooth motion (cartoons) |
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| the way that perceived color brightness changes with the level of illumintation in the room. In lower levels of illumination, the extremes of the color spectrum (like red) are seen as less bright. |
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| pattern recognition, feature detection, template matching |
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| when looking for the letter o, we will first concentrate on letters with rounded edges. |
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| Infants prefer relatively complex and sensical displays |
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| is the minimum amount of stimuli that can be detected 50 percent of the time. |
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| differential threshold or Just Noticeable Difference |
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| the minimum difference that must occur between two stimuli so that they are perceived as having different intensities. |
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| the upper limit after which the stimuli can no longer be perceived. For example, the lowest pitch sound a human can hear is the absolute threshold, whereas the highest picth sound a human can hear is the terminal threshold. |
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| a stimulus needs to be increased by a constant fraction of its original value in order to be notices as noticeably different. |
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| the reported sensation increases at a much slower rate than the actual intensity of the stimulus. Therfore is a subject says that light B is twice as strong as light A , liht B must be MORE than twice as bright in actuality. He came up with J.n.d. ad pioneered psychophysics. |
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| Theory of signal detection : motivation factors into signal detection (hits, misses, false alarms, ,,....) |
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| saying that you detect a stimulus when there isn't one. |
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| correctly sensing a stimulus |
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| failing to detect a present stimulus |
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| rightly stating that no stimulus exists |
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| graphic representations of a subjects sensitivity to a stimulus. |
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| often used in studies of auditory perception where stimulus is presented to both ears and subject asked to 'shadow' |
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| perceiving a stimulus that one is not conscioulsy aware of, such as the unattended message in dichotic presentation or visual information that is presented breifly. |
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| measurement of sensation thresholds. |
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