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| lasts seconds. conection between perception and memory. |
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| Iconic memory - found that people can see more than they can remember. |
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| sesnory memory for vision |
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| presentation of a new pattern before iconic image fades Mask is more successful if it is similar to original stimulus. |
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| lasts for seconds or minutes |
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| found that STM has a capacity of 7 items |
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| grouping items, which can increase the capacity of the STM. |
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| grouping according to some criterion ( all the fruits, all the vegetables, all the canned foods....) |
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| Primary maintenance rehearsal |
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| secondary elaborative rehearsal |
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| organizing and understanding to transfer to LTM |
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| difficulty remembering because of interferencne of prior knowledge or experience. (eg: learning how to drive automaic car after having learned stick shift) |
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| when a person has difficulty recalling old information due to new learning or information (eg: difficulty remembering French because just learned Italian) |
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| capable of permanent retention. Measeured by recognition, cued recall, free recall and savings. Is not subject to primacy/recency effects but is subject to interference. |
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| remembering with no cues. |
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| measuring how much has been retained in the LTM by measuring how long it takes to learn something a second time versus the first time. |
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| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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| more likely to rmember something if it is retreived in the same context as it was stored. |
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| details, events, discrete knowledge. susceptible to questioning and other influences. thik 'autobiogrpahy' - things that you have experienced. |
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| generaly knowledge about the world. Think: 'encyclopedia'. |
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| knowing of facts. Episodic and semantic are both types of declararive memory. |
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| a list (presidents, alphabet....) |
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| paired-associate learning |
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| when one word or memory is paired with another and can aid in recall. For example, pairing a spanish word with an english word) |
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| a list is learned and must be recalled in any order without cues. |
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| experiments on STM using nonsense syllables. Forgetting curve. |
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| memory is reconstructive rather than rote. (War of the Ghosts)The process of puttig together memory based on general abstract info, in ansence of specific memory. |
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| Dual Code Hypothesis- better remembered if visually and semantically encoded. |
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| continuum of different levels of processing. Physical, acoustic, semantic. The deeper, the easiest it is to recall. |
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| Memory of traumatic event is influenced by phrasing of questions. |
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| Memory involves changes in synapses and naural pathways, making a memory tree. |
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| studied sea slugs and young chicks - brains altered with new learning and memory |
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| 'HM' - lesions to hippocampus to treat epilsepsy. Could not add anything to LTM. |
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| no memory of pre-existing events, prior to onset. |
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| no ability to form new memories. cannot transfer STM to LTM |
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| semantic feature comparison model - alternative to Loftus, collins and Quillian's cognitive semantic hierarchy. Each word has feature lists. The more overlap between two words, the less difficult to answer 'true' in a semantic verification task. |
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| Tip of the tongue phenomenon: we cannot recall a word but can recall similar words, grammatical structure, sound pattern... |
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| memories are not repressed, they are not attended to because of a choice to focus on other distractions or events. |
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| semantic verification task |
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| asked to verify whether a simple statemet is tru or false. The experimenter measures the response latency or the time taken to respond. |
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| easier to remember incomplete tasks than complete tasks. |
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