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| Proposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation the remains constant) |
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| Studied conformity be asking subject to compare lengths of lines |
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| Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory |
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| Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping; social influence and diffusion of responsibility |
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| Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles |
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| Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory |
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| Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions |
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| Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational |
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| Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry |
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| Proposed concept of belief in a just world |
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| Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire |
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| Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion |
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| Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers |
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| Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. |
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| Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion) |
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| Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation |
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| Used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber’s Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation |
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| Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses |
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| Performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results |
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| Psychodynamic theorist best know for the concept of inferiority complex |
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| Trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality |
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| Behavioral theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag (“Bobo” doll) |
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| Suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked with the concept of androgyny |
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| Trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality |
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| Behavioral theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts |
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| Ego psychologist whose psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan |
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| Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism |
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| Founder of ego psychology |
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| Originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality |
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| Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward; moving against; and moving away from |
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| Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes being in the collective unconscious |
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| Based personality theory on the notion of “individual as scientist” |
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Kernberg, O.
Klein, M
Mahler, M.
Winnicott, D.W.. |
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| Object-relations theorists |
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| Phenomenonological personality theorist who developed field theory |
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| Phenomenonological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization |
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| Studied need for achievement (nAch) |
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| Critic of trait theories of personality |
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| Phenomenonological personality theorist |
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| Attempted to relate Somatotype (body type) to personality type |
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| Developed principles of operant conditioning |
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| Studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test |
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| Devised the “strange situation´ to study attachment |
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