Term
| Direct Object + TO infinitive |
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Definition
She does not want me to smoke inside.
me = direct object
to smoke = to infinitive |
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Definition
The house was not (to be found) =
(passive inf) because 'found' is passive |
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Definition
The house was easy (to find) =
(active inf) because it is used after an adj (easy) |
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Definition
We cannot allow that people copy our dvd's = incorrect
After 'allow' = direct object + to inf
We cannot allow (people) (direct object) (to copy) (to inf).... |
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Definition
Do you prefer us starting earlier? = incorrect
Do you prefer us(direct obj) to start earlier? = (to inf) after direct obj. |
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Definition
The book was nowhere to find = incorrect
= passive infinitive =
....nowhere to be found |
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Definition
This soup is too hot to be eaten = incorrect
This soup is too (hot)(adjective)to eat (to inf) = active passive |
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Term
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Definition
| When noun ends in hissing sound (-s, -sh, -ch, -x)... Plural is made by adding -es. |
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Term
| Plural of nouns ending in Y |
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Definition
- when noun ends in consonant + y, the y changes into -ie.
reply = replies
-When y is preceded by a vowel, only -s is added
key = keys |
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Definition
| Nouns ending in O have either 'es' or 's' as ending. 'es' is more common |
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Definition
| Mangoes + Mangos but -es is more common |
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Definition
It was a 2-hours journey = incorrect
because the noun (hour) is preceded by a number + hyphen = singular
.....a 2-hour journey |
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Term
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Definition
These are singular...eg:
Mathematics (is) my best subject |
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Definition
The United States have a lot of political influence = incorrect
After (United States) - singular form
The US (has).... |
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Term
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Definition
A large number of students has failed the test = incorrect
after (a large number of)= plural =
A large number of students (have)... |
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Definition
| The Netherlands (have) sent troops to Afghanistan = (correct) can be (has) and (have) = plural or singular |
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Term
| Possessive Form of Nouns: |
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Definition
Have you seen our ad in the newspaper of today? = incorrect
= today's newspaper (because it is a noun referring to time so, add ('s). |
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Term
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Definition
We arrived at the village after a three hour's walk = incorrect
No ('s) when a noun is preceded by a number |
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Term
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Definition
This is the pen of Jessica = Incorrect
This is Jessica's pen (because it is a proper noun) = ('s) |
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Term
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Definition
Write your name at the page's top = incorrect
(because it is a noun referring to things = 'of' form) =
Write your name at the top (of) the page |
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Term
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Definition
Selfridge's and Harrods are dept stores in London = incorrect
(because names of firms are often written without an apostrophe) = Selfridges and Harrods...etc.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
(The Adjective)
Adjectives ending in (-le, -er, -ow, -y).... |
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Definition
simple, simpler, simplest/more simple, most simple
(-er/-est ending is more frequent; simpler, simplest) |
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Term
Degrees of Comparison
(The Adj) |
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Definition
(one syllable) COLD
Colder (comparitive) Coldest (Superlative)
More than one syllable =
Famous: More Famous (comparitive) Most Famous (superlative) |
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Term
-Y becomes i
-Double Consonant
-Only -r and -st |
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Definition
Happy = happier..happiest
Double Consonant = big, bigger, biggest
Only -r and -st added=
Nice, nicer, nicest |
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Term
| Irregular degrees of comparison: |
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Definition
(1) Good, Better, Best
(2) Ill, Worse/More Ill.. etc |
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Term
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Definition
He is more strong than I am = incorrect
= stronger, because adjectives of one syllable (strong) take -er/est... |
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Term
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Definition
I made much mistakes (incorrect)
because 'much' is used with singular nouns and 'many' with plural
Therefore = I made many mistakes (mistakes is plural) |
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Term
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Definition
The procedure was complexer than we expected = incorrect
(because adjectives of more than one syllable take more and most)
Complex = 2 syllables = more complex |
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Term
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Definition
'Happier' is frequenter than 'more happy' = incorrect
because = is more frequent because frequent has 2 syllables) |
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Term
(The Adjective) (2) cont..
Error Analysis (1) |
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Definition
...is better as the old one = incorrect
because it should be = better (than)..because it is used as a comparitive |
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Term
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Definition
It is becoming increasing difficult..= incorrect
= increasingly (increasingly + adjective for more and more) |
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Term
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Definition
..the ill child.. = incorrect
because it is followed by a noun (child) therefore = the sick child |
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Term
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Definition
How longer we waited, how worse the.. = incorrect
The longer we waited, the worse the...
because = the + comparitive (hoe + vergrotende trap) |
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Term
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Definition
There were 2000 Irish among the football supporters = incorrect
because = Irishmen because a gender-free alternative = adj + person |
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Term
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Definition
I have a little time = incorrect
because = I have little time = little + singular noun has a negative meaning |
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Term
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Definition
Two British were arrested in Turkey = incorrect
because = two British people = adj + people (gender free) |
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Term
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Definition
Would you like brown bread or white one? = incorrect
Because 'one' cannot be used to replace uncountable nouns such as milk, bread and wine |
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Term
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Definition
An adjective tells something about a noun
An adverb usually tells something about a verb or about an adjective |
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Term
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Definition
-Most formed by adding -ly
e.g: Careful (adjective)
Carefully (adverb) |
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Term
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Definition
(senses):
feel/look/seem/taste/smell/sound
She did not feel happy. (not happily) |
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Term
(ADVERBS)
Degrees of comparison |
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Definition
adverbs in - ly=
quickly, more quickly, most quickly
Adverbs of one syllable + early=
fast, faster, fastest, early, earlier, earliest |
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Term
| Irregular degrees of comparison: |
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Definition
Badly, worse, worst
Little, less, least |
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Term
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Definition
our profits are considerable higher =
incorrect
because : -ble becomes -bly |
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Term
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Definition
We can easyly change the design = incorrect
Because; spelling -y changes to an -i + -ly |
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Term
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Definition
He does his work very thorough = incorrect
Because; = thoroughly; you must add -ly because it tells something about the verb. |
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Definition
Why did he behave so sillily? = incorrect
because; silly doesn't have an adverb form, we use 'in a silly way'
Whole does not have an adverb form either, we dont say wholely!! |
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Term
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Definition
(1) Front: Quietly she left the room
(2) End: She left the room quietly
(3) Mid: She quietly left the room |
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Term
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Definition
-Immediately before the verb;
-After the 1st verb (if there is more than one)
-After a form of 'be' |
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Term
| Exceptions to position of adverbs; |
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Definition
well & badly ...have end position
'take something seriously' = end position |
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Term
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Definition
Give an answer to a question, 'to what extent' e.g.:
completely, entirely, totally....(these go in end position and the others after the verb) |
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Term
| Position of adverbs (frequency and indefinite time) |
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Definition
| e.g: Alaya, often, rarely, seldom... (mid positon) (after subject in questions and after not in negative sentences) |
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Term
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Definition
| Probably, de finitely, certainly..(usually mid position; Maybe and perhaps are always placed in front position) |
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Definition
| Clearly, fortunately etc.. (usually front position) and sometimes mid position |
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Term
| Translation of 'al 'in questions: |
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Definition
Already (goes after the subject) and also for more empahsis at end position.
Yet is placed at end position. |
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Term
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Definition
Used before nouns referring to:
(1) profession (2) Religion (3) State in life
Not used when the profession etc, can be held by one person at a time. |
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Term
| Indefinite article in Dutch but not in English: |
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Definition
Wat een afschuwelijk weer!
What terrible weather!
(NB: No indef article is used after 'what' before uncountable nouns and plural nouns) |
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Term
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Definition
No definite article is used before :
School, uni, college, hospital, prison, church...when the building itself is referred to, the definite article is used: The church was built in 1950. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are used with or without a a def article. When referred to then the def article must be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| No def article before last however; well before century. you use the last if you are referring to a past period that extends up until the present. e.g. the last few months... |
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Definition
| No definite article but when next refers to order: = When is the next train? |
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Term
| Superlative of an adverb: |
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Definition
No def article before..also not before means of transport..
def article is used before namesof musical instruments.. |
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Term
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Definition
2 forms:
(1) subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, you they
(2) Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them |
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Term
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Definition
| It is used to identify a person abut when there is further info given about that person, he/she is used. |
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Term
| IT not used after some verbs: |
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Definition
| ask, know, mind, remember, show, tell , try, understand |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Demonstrative and possessive pronouns: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Who/Whom/Whose;
Who= direct object, when its the subject, indirect object
Whom: to whom = formal
Whose = used when we want to know to whom something belongs
Which: used when we have a limited number of choices in mind
What= used when we do not have a limited number in mind. |
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Term
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Definition
Do is used in questions beginning with the subject.
What is used when not referred to a place
What and how in exclamations= When dutch wat refers to a noun, english uses what. When dutch wat does not refer to a noun, english uses how.
NB: What is not followed by 'a' before plural nouns and uncountable nouns |
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Term
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Definition
| A relative Pronoun refers to a preceding noun. these are : who/which/that/ |
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Term
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Definition
Who is used for persons. can also be used for pets/animals.
Whose and Whom:
Whose expresses possession,
Whom used in formal english when direct object in a relative clause; e.g : The woman whom you see there is my teacher. Whom is used after a preposition in formal english. in less formal language: who is used and the preposition comes at the end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for things and animals, normally refers to a preceding noun but can also refer to a preceding clause. The company suffered a loss which nobody expected. |
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Term
| Restrictive Relative Clause: |
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Definition
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