Term
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Definition
| The closing of the glottis, accomplished through the contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles​ |
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Term
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Definition
| The opening of the glottis, accomplished through the contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles​ |
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Term
| Which muscles are responsible for vocal fold elongation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Was the primo uomo of the Paris opera, and he used a "falsetto" tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shifted performance practice in the Paris opera to a "full operatic head voice," and was famous for singing high c's in his chest voice (do di petto) |
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Term
| Which muscles are responsible for vocal fold shortening and thickening? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Timbre achieved by singing with a lowered larynx |
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Term
| What is the average length of adult male vocal folds? |
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Definition
| 15 mm for the vibrating portion, 23 mm total length |
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Term
| Benefits of singing with a lowered larynx |
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Definition
| Increased range, provides stability, eliminates primary passaggi |
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Term
| What are the steps in a glottal onset? |
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Definition
| Glottis is firmly adducted; subglottal air pressure is increased until it fairly explodes through the tightly closed glottis |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction against teaching lowered larynx singing. Includes DA Clippinger and Lamperti |
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Term
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Definition
| Term stolen from art as a contrast between light and dark. In music this is a balance of timbres achieved by singing with an open throat (lowered larynx) and a bright vowel |
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Term
| True or False: All mammals have larynxes, but not all larynxes produce sound. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two biological functions of the larynx? |
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Definition
| 1. The "Ultimate Protector" of the airway, preventing foreign objects from entering the lungs. 2. Allows people to voluntarily block their airways to increase intra-abdominal pressure for elimination, lifting of heavy objects, and childbirth. |
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Term
| Strategies to teach voce chiusa/voix sombree |
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Definition
-Yawn sigh
-Vowel modification
-Palpation of the neck
-Visualization in the mirror (especially for males)
-"Go deeper into the vowel" |
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Term
Three major and 2 minor sections of the spinal column and how many vertebrae in each?
What is special about the top two vertebrae |
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Definition
Cervical - 7
-1st = atlas
-2nd = axis
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum - 5 fused together
Coccyx/tailbone - 5 fused together |
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Term
| What is the average length of adult female vocal folds |
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Definition
| 12-15 mm for the vibrating portion, 18 mm total length |
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Term
| Why did the nomenclature shift from vocal cords to vocal folds? |
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Definition
| Because vocal folds more precisely describes their physical characteristic (they are literally small folds of tissue). |
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Term
| Name and describe the location of the inhalation muscles |
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Definition
-Diaphragm - below lungs
-External intercostals - between the ribs, lifts ribcage |
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Term
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Definition
| The space between the vocal folds. It opens for respiration, and closes for phonation. |
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Term
| Name and describe the location of the exhalation muscles |
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Definition
-Rectus abdominus - vertical abdominal wall, "8 pack"
-External obliques - from high in the back to low in the front. On the sides of the abdomen
-Internal obliques - from low in the back to high in the front. On the sides of the abdomen
-Transverse Obliques - horizontal across your abdomen
-Internal intercostals - between the ribs
(gravity helps too) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pink colored ventricular folds next to the true vocal folds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A curved structure whose purpose is to cover the airway during swallowing and direct food into the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
Sternum raises and lowers
Pump breath in and out with a change of posture
larynx and other muscles tend to tense up
Useful to athletes and corset wearers
Kathleen Battle |
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Term
| How would you describe the internal, microscopic structure of the vocal folds? |
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Definition
| Discrete layers of varying viscosity and density, which allows the inner and outer portions to move independently. |
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Term
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Definition
Ribcage expands
Minimal expansion of the abdominal wall |
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Term
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Definition
Lifted or relaxed chest
Belly moves due to movement of the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
Opposing muscles that contract simultaneously
ex: diaphragm vs abs, internal vs external intercostals |
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Term
| The stratified squamous epithelium (the external layer of the vocal folds) is also referred to as ________? Why? |
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Definition
| Mucosa--because the area is constantly bathed in mucus. |
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Term
| What is the primary biological function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| To perpetually oxygenate the blood and cleanse it of excess carbon dioxide to maintain life. |
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