Term
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Definition
| rapid response to an injurious agent that serves to deliver mediators of host defense - leukocytes and plasma proteins - to the site of injury |
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Term
(1) alterations in vascular caliber that lead to an increase in blood flow; (2) structural changes in the microvasculature that permit plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation; and
(3) emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation, their accumulation in the focus of injury, and their activation to eliminate the offending agent |
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Definition
| acute inflammation has three major components |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation is a ____ and ___ process that occurs in vascularized issues |
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Term
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Definition
| substances _____ defend host against infection and facilitate tissue repair and healing |
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Term
Pain
Erythema (Redness fo the Skin)
Edema (Swelling)
Heat
Loss of function |
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Definition
| All are a consequence of inflammation |
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Term
Infections
Trauma
Physical and Chemical Agents
Tissue Necrosis
Foreign Bodies
Immune Reactions |
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Definition
| Acute inflammatory reactions are triggered by a variety of stimuli: |
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Term
duration less than two weeks
associated with bacterial infections
inflammatory cells involved are principally phagocytes (neutrophils and APC's) |
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Definition
| characteristics of acute inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| How long is chronic inflammation |
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Term
characterized by fluid and protein exudate
PMNs (Polymorphonuclear cells) |
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Definition
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Term
lymphocytes and macrophages
Mononuclear cells |
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Definition
|
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Term
| phagocytize necrotic tissue |
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Definition
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Term
macrophages
remove tissue debris, dead neutrophils, fibrin
lymphocytes specific immune response to an antigen or substances from tissue breakdown |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| movement of the leukocytes in the interstices of inflamed tissues after they emigrate which is directionally oriented by a variety of chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
granulocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocyttes (PMNs) have loved nuclei and granular cytoplasm
mononuclear cells have round nuclei and smooth cytoplaasm |
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Term
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
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Definition
| granulocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
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Term
lymphocytes
monocytes and macrophages |
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Definition
| mononuclear cells have round nuclei and smooth cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
most plentiful form of granulocyte
hallmark of acute inflammation
principle mediator of phagocytosis
cytoplasmic granules are endosomes with digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
less plentiful form of granulocytes
mediate response to worm infections
cytoplasmic granules contain biologically active proteins and enzymes
produce cytokines that decrease inflammatory response, remodel ECM during healing, and mediate athmatic response |
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Term
|
Definition
much less plentiful form of granulocytes
mediate anaphylaxis using IgE receptor
Cytoplasmic granules contain biologically active proteins and enzymes and cytokines that produce many of the signs and symptoms of acute inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
B and T Cells
Develop in bone marrow
T cells mature in the thymus
present in viral infections and chronic inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
Large phagocytic cells
Called ______ when in blood
Called macrophages when in tissues
Constitute the APC’s of the immune system
Produce biologically active proteins and some cytokines |
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Term
|
Definition
| _______ mediate immune responses |
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Term
| neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages |
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Definition
| phagocytes include ____ _____ and ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ interact with plasma coagulation factors to cause clot formation |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ and ______ release many biologically active substances in blood and tissue that mediate inflammation |
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Term
| viral and intracellular bacterial infections and foreign bodies |
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Definition
| chronic inflammation is associated with |
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Term
| Cells involved are principally mononuclear (lymphocytes and APC’s) |
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Definition
| which cells are involved in chronic inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. |
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Term
| Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low- grade,smoldering, often asymptomatic response. This latter type of chronic inflammation is the cause of tissue damage in some of the most common and disabling human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, and chronic lung diseases. |
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Definition
| does chronic inflammation always follow acute inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
| _____- growth factors stimulate proliferation of recruited cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| wound contraction is achieved by |
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Term
| Presence of granulation tissue comprising macrophages, fibroblasts and new blood vessels |
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Definition
| wound healing is characterized by |
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Term
| isolates and removes damaging agents |
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Definition
| what are the benefits of inflammation |
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Term
Allergic and autoimmune illnesses
Associations of chronic inflammation with major causes of death and disability
– Coronaryheartdisease/atherosclerosis
– Chroniclungdisease-emphysema
– Cancersoftheliver–(withhepatitis)bladder(with schistosomiasis), and stomach (with h.pylori)
– Rheumatoidarthritis |
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Definition
| what are the benefits of inflammaton |
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Term
hyperemia, exudation with fibrin and neutrophils; neutrophil leukocytosis in blood
bacterial infections, response to cell necrosis |
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Definition
| what is classic type inflammation |
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Term
marked fluid exudation
burns, bacterial infection |
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Definition
| what is serous inflammation |
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Term
| viral and rickettsial infections |
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Definition
| what is acute inflammation without neutrophils |
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Term
certain hypersensitivity immune reactions
marked edema and numerous eosinophils |
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Definition
| what is allergic acute inflammation |
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Term
| marked secretion of mucus, infections, common cold |
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Definition
| what is catarrhal inflammation |
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Term
excess fibrin formation
virulent bacterial infections |
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Definition
| what is fibrinous inflammation |
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Term
| what is necrotizing or hemorrhagic inflammation |
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Definition
marked tissue necrosis and hemorrhage
highly virulent organisms (anthrax, herpes simplex) |
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Term
necrotizing inflammation involving mucous membranes
toxigenic bacteria, diphtheria |
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Definition
| what is membranous inflammation |
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Term
exaggerated neutriphil response and liquefactive necrosis
pyogenic bacteria, staph |
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Definition
| what is suppurative inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
| all organisms are surrounded by ______ infectious agents |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of pathogen's capacity to cause tissue damage or death |
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Term
|
Definition
| many organisms coexist with hosts through a process called |
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Term
| virulence of pathogens exceeding host immune resistance |
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Definition
| infection is the result of ____ exceeding _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| diarrheal diseases infection |
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Term
| upper and lower respiratory |
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Definition
| respiratory diseases infections |
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Term
meningitis
encephalitis
abscess |
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Definition
| central nervous system infections |
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Term
endocarditis
myocarditis
vasculitits |
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Definition
| cardiovascular infections |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
gram negative
gram positive |
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Definition
|
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Term
DNA virus
RNS virus
enveloped vs. nonenveloped viruses |
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Definition
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Term
disseminated (biphasic)
localized |
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Definition
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Term
protozoa
helminths
trematodes
castodes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
contact (direct or indirect)
food or water borne
airborne
vector borne
perinatal (contact may occur in utero during pregnancy or at delivery) |
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Definition
| modes of transmission of infectious diseases |
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Term
Among the smallest forms of life
Composed of one or two RNA or DNA strands covered by a protein capsid and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope
Obligate intracellular parasites (endogenous)
Enters cell via receptors or by endocytosis
Host organelles used to replicate
May destroy, chronically infect, or transform cells that become infected |
|
Definition
| characteristics of viral pathogens |
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Term
influenza virus, type A
person to person transmission
incubation period is 2-3 days
acute respiratory/bronchial infection; fever prostration, cough, pneumonitis
prevention: vaccine |
|
Definition
| characteristics of influenza |
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Term
mucociliary clearance, where the virus particles are immobilized in mucus and 'swept' away from potential host cells through the actions of the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract
local secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA), which can kill invading pathogens provided that the antigen has been presented before or that immunity has not waned. |
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Definition
| the normal host defenses to respiratory infection are |
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Term
community acquired
hospital acquired |
|
Definition
| what are the two types of bacteria pneumonia |
|
|
Term
Two Forms 13 Bronchopneumonia-patchydistribution 13 Lobar-Confluentindistribution
Most Common Organism
13 Streptococcus pneumoniae 18pneumococcus 19
13 Classicallypresentsasalobarpneumonia |
|
Definition
| twp forms of acute bacteria pneumonia and most common organisms |
|
|
Term
at least 6 forms
Hep B - transmitted sexually, through birth, or exposure to contaminated blood
300 million cases annually
200 fold increase of liver cancer in carriers
Heptavax and Recombivax |
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Definition
| characteristics of hepatitis and hepatitis B |
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Term
Visible through microscope
Prokaryotes with a complex cell wall
Extracellular infectious agents (exogenous)
Circular double stranded DNA
May develop antibiotic resistance by acquiring new genes through conjugation and bacteriophage infection
Produce exotoxins and may have endotoxins |
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Definition
| characteristics of bacterial pathogens |
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Term
Waxy coat permits survival on surfaces for long periods
Intracellular infections
Chronic granulomatous infection of lungs
1/3 of world infected, 2 million deaths
Leading cause of HIV death
Antibiotic resistance a major health problem |
|
Definition
| characteristics of Tuberculosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ____% of infected persons with normal immune systems develop TB at some point in life |
|
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Term
MDR-TB = resistant to INH and rifampin
EMDR-TB = resistant to INH, rifampin and 2 other categories of TB drugs
Develops during the course of treatment of the infection
Usually due to medical mismanagement or poor compliance
High rates in former USSR and other countries with failing TB control programs |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of MDR-TB and differences between MDR-TB and EMDR-TB |
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Term
Food and water borne
Cholera in India, Africa, and South America from contaminated water
Typhoid fever in biliary tract and lymphoid tissue
Salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and E. coli food poisoning |
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Definition
| what are the bacterial causes of diarrhea |
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Term
Vibrio cholerae serogroup SPHHS O1 or O139 that produces cholera toxin.
Profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, circulatory collapse and shock. Many infections are milder diarrhea or asymptomatic.
Epidemiology:Incidence0-5 cases per year in the US;major cause of epidemic diarrhea throughout the developing world. Ongoing global pandemic in Asia, Africa and Latin America for the last four decades.
Sequelae 25-50% of typical cases are fatal if untreated.
Transmission Contaminated drinking water or food. Large epidemics often related to fecal contamination of water supplies or street vended foods. Occasionally transmitted through eating raw or undercooked shellfish that are naturally contaminated.
Risk Groups Virtually none in the United States. Risk extremely low (1 per million) even in travelers. Persons living in poverty in the developing world.
Surveillancereportedcasesareconfirmed in state laboratories or at CDC. |
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Definition
| characteristics of cholera |
|
|
Term
contaminated drinking water
also
Poorly cooked or raw seafood
Produce
Leftover cooked grains that have been improperly reheated |
|
Definition
| cholera is most likely acquired from contaminated drinking water |
|
|
Term
Etiology: H. Pylori bacterium
Epidemiology: Ubiqitous, 85% of population have antibodies
Transmission: Fecal-oral
Clinical: Gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, chronic gastritis, gastric cancer
Treatment: Antibiotics |
|
Definition
| characteristics of helicobacter infection |
|
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Term
Etiology: Nisseria gonorrhea bacteria
Epidemiology: One million cases annually
Transmission: Sexual contact;mucosal
Clinical Features: 80% of women have no symptoms; infertility or birth complications
Causes blindness in newborns |
|
Definition
| characteristics of gonorrhea |
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Term
Etiology: Treponema pallidum bacillus
Epidemiology: 60-80,000 cases per year
Transmission: Sexual contact, mucosal;
First two stages cause skin lesions treatable with penicillin
Third stage (years) leads to granulomatous tissue destruction
Screen with blood antibody testing |
|
Definition
| characteristics of syphilis |
|
|
Term
Etiology: Falciparum protozoa;4 subtypes
Epidemiology: 300 million cases worldwide; 2-4 million annual deaths
Transmission: Mosquito vectorborne
Prevention: Chemoprophylaxis available; drug resistance |
|
Definition
| characteristics of malaria |
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Term
Fever and influenza-like symptoms (eg, chills, headache, myalgias, malaise)1
Anemia and jaundice may occur in cases of uncomplicated disease1
Untreated infections can rapidly progress to coma, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death2
Symptoms may develop as early as 7 days after initial exposure in a malaria-endemic area and as late as several months or more after departure1 |
|
Definition
| clinical presentation of malaria |
|
|
Term
Etiology: Schistosomal helminth, 3 types
Epidemiology: 200 million cases in Asia, Africa, South America and the Caribbean
Ecology: Lives in fresh water and directly invades skin
Transmission: Fecal-oral
Clinical: Invades liver or bladder and intestinal tract causing chronic inflammation, cirrhosis, cancer |
|
Definition
| what are the characteristics of schistosomiasis |
|
|
Term
Isoniazid for tuberculosis
Chloroquine for malaria
Rifampin for bacterial meningitis
Amantadine for influenza
Antibiotics for postoperative surgery and endocarditis |
|
Definition
| examples of chemoprophylaxis |
|
|
Term
A major public health problem
Contributing causes
Over-prescribing of drugs – Inconsistent or incomplete treatment compliance – Inadequate epidemiologic surveillance – Unregulated use of antibiotics in animal feed
Potentially lethal strains include HIV/AIDS, staphylococcus, pneumococcus, E. coli, enterococcus, and tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| what is the problem with antibiotic resistance |
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|
