Term
| What type of oral symptom will you be able to see in pts affected with tb? |
|
Definition
| You may see ulcers with oral mucosa with rolled margins. This is very infectious and may involve lymp nodes of the neck |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most highest preventable causes of death in the US? |
|
Definition
| Smoking (443K/ yr) and obesity/ overweight |
|
|
Term
| What are the three highest causes of death attributable to smoking? |
|
Definition
| Lung cancer, Ischemic heart diesease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
|
|
Term
| What is the total economic burden in the US due to smoking? |
|
Definition
| ~200B. 100B in medical expenses, and 100B from lost productivity |
|
|
Term
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamine, benzene, and formaldehyde are in tobacco smoke. What do these cause, respectively? |
|
Definition
| ras and p53 mutations (PAH), cancers in lung oral esophagus pancreas (nitro), leukemia (benz), and nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia (form) |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for cigarrette smoking to "catch up to you? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three most prominent types of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). |
|
Definition
| Squamous cell carcinoma (29%), adenocarcinoma (32%) and large cell carcinoma (9%) |
|
|
Term
| What is the common progression of squamous cell carcinomas? |
|
Definition
| Usually they will grow as a white mass. They typically cause coughing, respiratory infections, and resp obstruction. They typically are not discovered until very late. |
|
|
Term
| Adenocarcinomas are more common in women than men. Where can you see it and what is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
| May involve the pleural surface and cause pleural pain. Usually if you catch it at stage 1 you'll have an optimistic prognosis. |
|
|
Term
| Name this cancer: Occers in lungs, grows and metastasizes early, not surgery, but chemo and radio are preffered treatments, AKA oat-cell carcinoma, grim prognosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name this cancer: Grows in pleural cavity around the entire lung, associated with asbestos. |
|
Definition
| Mesothelioma. This cancer affects mesothelial cells, and is usually caught late. |
|
|
Term
| What are the syngeristic risk factors for lung cancer in smokers? |
|
Definition
| Asbestos (50x) and Radon (12-32x) |
|
|
Term
| Name the two cancers with the lowest 5 yr survival from this list: Prostate, lung, breast, uterous, stomach, hodgkin's and colon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the typical symptoms of someone with laryngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Present with hoarseness of voice and dysphagia. |
|
|
Term
| Laryngeal carcinoma is usually squamous cell type with a good 5 yr survival rate. What is a reason the prognosis is better than lung cancer? |
|
Definition
| Because they are usually caught early because the symptoms are more aparent. |
|
|
Term
| COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. What are the clinical features of chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| mucous gland hyperplasia, dyspnea, cyanosis, vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, edema. |
|
|
Term
| 2 part T/F: 1 emphysema is the enlargement of airspaces with wall destruction and fibrosis. 2 It is described as "blue boaters" |
|
Definition
| 1 False- It does NOT include fibrosis. 2- "Blue boaters" is chronic bronchitis, "red puffers" is emphysema |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical signs of emphysema? |
|
Definition
| Barrel chestedness from over-inflating the lungs and hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| Smoking and congenital deficiencies can cause a lack of a certain enzyme. Name the enzyme and tell me what it does? |
|
Definition
| alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency that causes antielastase. Without a1-antitrypsin you decrease antielastase production increasing elastic damage from elastase. |
|
|
Term
| Marijuana carcinogen studies are controversial. What did the studies he brought up in class say about it? |
|
Definition
| That marijuana is less carcinogenic than tobacco, but there is some carcinogenic activity in marijuana smoke. None of the cancers, though, are related to marijuana. |
|
|
Term
| What type of bacteria is mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| It is an acid fast, or waxy coat, type of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Primary TB infections go to progressive TB? |
|
Definition
| Only 10% go to progressive TB, the other 90% go to healing, calcification and laternt. Latent infections can lead to secondary cavitary TB, which can, with progressive TB, lead to miliary TB. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macrophages engulf mycobacteriums and cause a granulomatous infection (a ghon focus) When this focus goes to lymph node, we have a ghon complex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often fatal, granulomas (typically from eroding cavitary TB lungs) spread to different sites in the body. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four parts of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| Cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Which is not a congenital disorder of the small intestines: gastrochisis, omphalocele, jejunal segmentum, meckel diverticulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meckel diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| Congenital small intestine disorder, it is a persistence of the vitelline duct causing gut outpouching at the ilium. This usually is asymptomatic but can cause obstruction, diverticulitis, bleeding, and perforation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference of atresia and stenosis? |
|
Definition
| atresia is when you have complete occlusion of the lumen, whereas stenosis is narrowing, but not occluding, of the lumen. |
|
|
Term
| What disorder is characterized by lack of abdominal musculature formation? |
|
Definition
| Omphalocele. In this disorder, the abdominal contents are herniated into a venral membranous sac. |
|
|
Term
| Which is not an infection of the small intestines: cecitis, toxigenic diarrhea, viral gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria are the typical agents involved in toxygenic bacteria? |
|
Definition
| E coli and Vibrio cholerae. Fortunately, there is minimal intestinal damage. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two typical viral sources of gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| Among infants, rotavirus is most common. Norwalk virus is very typical in adults causing patcy mucosal lesions and malabsorption. |
|
|
Term
| Name some causes of ischemic bowel disease. |
|
Definition
| Acute intestinal ischemia, infarct of small intestine, chronic intestinal ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Two truths and a lie: Acute intestinal ischemia is typically caused by a thrombotic occlusion of sup mesenteric artery. You usually get pale diarrhea and abdominal pain. It can also be caused byvolvolus and intussusception. |
|
Definition
| The lie is that stools will be pale. They oftern are bloody. |
|
|
Term
| When do people affected with chronic intestinal ischemia typically feel pain? |
|
Definition
| They typically feel pain within 30 minutes of eating and this can last for several hours. |
|
|
Term
| You decide to become a doctor and treat a patient with a high number of stearates and low trypsin in his stools. What is the diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Luminal phase malabsorption- decrease in pancreatic enzymes and bile acids decreasing absorption ability |
|
|
Term
| Classify the malabsorption type in three patients: cirrhotic alcoholic, pancreatic cancer survivor, small bowel bypass patient. |
|
Definition
| cirrhotic alcoholic and the pancreatic cancer survivor have luminal phase. The bypass patient has intestinal phase malabsorption. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following will not caues luminal phase malabsorption: cirrhosis, lactase deficiency, celiac disease, interrupting stomach-duodenum junction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dissacharidase of lactose leadingto intolerance. 2/3 of lactase deffienct people are asians and african adults often result in flatulence and diarrhea after dairy ingestion. |
|
|
Term
| A characteristic mucosal lesion in the smal intestine with impaired generalized nutrient absorption is what malabsorptive disease? What can these patient mount an immune response to? |
|
Definition
| celiac disease. Immune response to gluten: wheat, barley rye. Gliadin too. |
|
|
Term
| What is not a sign of celiac disease: villi blunting, increased plasma cells in lamina propria, increased intraepithelial B cells |
|
Definition
| Increased intraaepithelial B cells- you will see increased T cells not B cells |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin deficiencies are important in the hematopoietic system? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin K (bleeding), iron, folate, and vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| Osteopenia and tetani result from malabsorption of what? |
|
Definition
| vitamin D, calcium, magnesium. |
|
|
Term
| What isn't a result of generalized malnutrition: infertility, edema, peripheral neuropathy, hypoparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| hypoparathyroidism. You will actually see hyperthyroidism from protracted calcium and vit D defficiency. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four causes of mechanical obstruction of the small bowel? |
|
Definition
| Intussusception, volvulus, adhesions, and hernias. |
|
|
Term
| 2 part T/F: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can be diagnosed by hyperpigmentation(macules) on various areas of the body. A mutation in LKB1 causing m-tor overexpression is a common cause of this cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 part T/F: adenocarcinoma in the small bowel has a good prognosis at 5 yrs. Crohn's disease is a risk factor for the disease |
|
Definition
| 1 False- 20% 5yr survival. 2-True |
|
|
Term
| Name the neoplasm: B-lymphocyte disorder, alpha-heavy chain disorder, IgA without light chains |
|
Definition
| Mediterranean type intestinal lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| What is NOT true about Hirshsprung disease: a congenital disease of mostly males, ganglion cells are absecnt in the area, 10x more in down syndrome, and you treat it with surgical resection of gangionic segment. |
|
Definition
| You need to surgically remove the segment without ganglia, the aganglionic segment. |
|
|
Term
| What is a key bacteria in pseudomembranous colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 part T/F: diverticulosis is when the mucosa and submucosa herniate through the muscular layer of the colon. Very common in south east asians. |
|
Definition
| 1 True, 2- False it is common in Western societies (~10% affected) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chronic, segmental, transmural (goes through mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layers) inflammation of the colon. |
|
|
Term
| What is NOT true about crohns disease: it is congenital, noncaseating granulomas in submucosa, will have sharply delimited lesions, associated with chromosome 16. |
|
Definition
| It is NOT congenital although susceptibility does increase with NOD2 and CARD15 genes which are involved in innate immunity |
|
|
Term
| What isn't a symptom of Crohns: edematous mucosa, longitudinal ulcerations, rectal fissures, abdominal pain, and recurrent fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major features of ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
| It is diffuse (goes across the whole rectum), inflammation is will not extend past colon and rectum, it is a mucosal disease that doesn't affect deeper layers |
|
|
Term
| What area is usually most severly affected by ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the severity distribution of patients that present with ulcerative colitis (ie % mild, % moderate, % severe) |
|
Definition
| 50% mild, 40% moderate, 10% severe |
|
|
Term
| Which severity level of ulcerative colitis is associated with >20 bowel movements per day, fever, anemia, dehydration, and 15% die? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and crohn disease? |
|
Definition
| ulcerative is continuous, beginning at rectum and only involves mucosal layer. Crohns skip areas of the colon and are transmural. |
|
|
Term
| Where are most adenomatous polyps in USA? |
|
Definition
| In the rectosigmoidal segment |
|
|
Term
| Do profilactic polypectomies reduce the risk of developing colon adenocarcinomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 part T/F: Familial adenomatous polyposis is an autosomal dominant trait that invariably leads to cancer. Can lead to a handful of adenomas in the transverse colon. |
|
Definition
| 1 True, 2 false- you will see hundreds to thousands of adenomas in the colorectal mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| Which phenotypic variant of familial adenomatous polyposis can cause osteomas of the jaw? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of all the cancers we have discussed, which cancer is the most common cause of death that is not associated with tobacco use? |
|
Definition
| Malignant adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by multistep carcinogenesis? |
|
Definition
| That there have been previous mutational events (8-10 in the case of malignant adenocarcinoma of the colon) that occur before an invaseive cancer develops. |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for developing malignant adenoarcinoma of the colon and rectum? |
|
Definition
| Being over 50 yrs, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, having family members that have had it |
|
|
Term
| Prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma is most related to what factor? |
|
Definition
| The tumor extension through the colon. |
|
|
Term
| How do colon adenocarcinomas usually present? |
|
Definition
| as polypoid and ulcerating or infiltrative, that often invade lymph channels to affect regional nodes. |
|
|
Term
| What does peristalasis mean? |
|
Definition
| Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a congenital disorder:
Achalasia
Esophagea diverticula
Plummer-vinson syndrome
Tracheoesophageal Fistula |
|
Definition
| Achalasia is a motor disorder. It is the failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax during swalowing, causing food to stay in the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
2 part T/F
1 Achalasia is common in Chagas disease
2 Esophageal hyperplasia and regurgitation happen with this disease |
|
Definition
| 1 T, 2 F- You will see esophageal hypertrophy (not hyperplasia), although it is true that regurgiation frequents this disease |
|
|
Term
| In a patient with Type C tracheoesophageal fistua, does the top or bottom segment of the esophagus communicate with the trachea? |
|
Definition
| The bottom will communicate with the trachea. the top will have atresia, or a blind pouch. |
|
|
Term
Match the below fistulas with their associated letters (ABCDH) depending on the top and bottom esophageal segments:
1) top pocket, bottom communicates
2) top and bottom connected but still communicate
3)top communicates, bottom pouched
4) Both communicate, but don't connect to each other
5) neither communicate, they don't connect with each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do webs occur, in the upper or lower esophagus? |
|
Definition
| In the upper esophagus. Rings occur in the lower esophagus (schatzki rings) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between dysphagia and odynophagia? |
|
Definition
| Odynophagia is painful swallowing. Dysphagia is difficult swallowing of solids which is painless. |
|
|
Term
2 part:
What is to common name of sideropenic dysphagia?
Who is most likely to get this disorder? |
|
Definition
| plummer-Vinson syndrome. Middle-aged women comprise 90% of pts with his disorder. |
|
|
Term
Where do the following diverticulas take place (upper, mid, or low esophagus)
epiphrenic-
Zenkers-
Traction- |
|
Definition
Epiphrenic- lower
Zendkers- Upper
Traction-midesophagus |
|
|
Term
| Presence of redundant, hyperplastic esophageal squamous epithelium is present in what disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between localized and systemic scleroderma? |
|
Definition
| Localized scleroderma is when you have an abnormal growth of connective tissue in the skin only. Ststemic can cause growth in blood vessels, organs, and skin. Systemic scleroderma may cause sphincter failure |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between sliding and paraesophageal hernia? |
|
Definition
| In sliding the upper stomach moves upward above the diaphragm slightly. In paraesophageal, the upper stomach herniates directly alongside the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
2 part T/F
1 Reflux esophagitis is the most common form of esophagitis
2 The physiologic barrier for this condition is gastric acid/base regulation. |
|
Definition
| 1 True, 2 False- the main physiologic barrier is mechanical via the lower esophageal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What can cause decreases in Lower esophageal sphincter pressure? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol, cigaretter smoking, fatty foods, chocolate, pregnancy, and certain Rx |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a result of chronic reflux esophagitis:
1 ulceration and line streaks
2 Hyperemia
3 Proliferation of lamina propria into basal squamous epithelium (thicker than usual)
4 Decreased inflammatory cells with increased angiotensionogen release
5 Narrowing of the lumen with accompanying stricture and stenosis |
|
Definition
| 4 Decreased inflammatory cells with increased angiotensionogen release |
|
|
Term
| Describe Barrett's esophagus. |
|
Definition
| This describes the metaplastic secondary changes in the lower thrid of the esophagus secondary to gastroesophageal reflux. Squamous cells are replaced by columnar. |
|
|
Term
| Adenocarcinoma often occurs with Barrett esophagus. Does the dysplastic stage occur between Barrett's and the adenocarcinoma, or before Barrett's esophagus? |
|
Definition
| The dysplastic stage occurs BETWEEN Barrett's and the adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What changes occur to the esophagus during candida esophagitis? |
|
Definition
| Their are white-yellow plaques that develop in the lower eso and upper stomach. These are surrounded by zones of hyperemic tissue. Fibrosis (stricture) also accompanies this condition. |
|
|
Term
Which isn't a risk factor for esophageal carcinoma (according to lecture):
Alcohol and cigarettes,
achalasia
webs, rings, diverticula
Oral squamous cell carcinoma
diets with low fruits and veggies |
|
Definition
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What types of carcinomas happen to the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Ulcers, polyploid (lumen obstruction), Infiltrating. |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for those with esophageal carcinoma? What is a major cause of this? |
|
Definition
| Prognosis is very poor (20% 5 yr survival) because the majority of these carcinomas are unoperable. |
|
|
Term
2 part T/F
1. All Esophageal Squamous cell carcinomas arise from Barrett epithelium
2 Punched out ulcers and bleeding occur in acute hemorrhagic gastritis |
|
Definition
1 False. All ADENOCARCINOMAS arise from Barrett epithelium.
2 True |
|
|
Term
Which will increase your risk of Acute Hemorrhagic gastritis:
NSAIDs, Heavy alcohol use, contraceptives, severe stress, acetaminophen, burns. |
|
Definition
| NSAIDs, Heavy alcohol, severe stress, burns. +CNS truama |
|
|
Term
| What factors make a substance contributory to acute hemorrhagic gastritis? |
|
Definition
| If it breaks down the mucosal barrier, the tissue will incur acid-induced injury |
|
|
Term
2 part T/F
1. Patients with chronic gastritis are more likely to be seronegative to H Pylori
2. Treatment of chronic gastritis is often performed with bismuth or antibiotics. |
|
Definition
1. False, They would be seropositive
2. True |
|
|
Term
| Where are peptic ulcers most likely to occur? |
|
Definition
| In the proximal duodenum, the distal stomach, and the gastroesophageal junction, respectively. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following disease has diet as a contributing factor:
Esophageal carcinoma
Peptic ulcer disease
Chronic gastritis
Acute Hemorrhagic Gastritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main environmental and genetic risk factors for developing peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
Environmental: Cigarette, NSAIDs
Genetic: 1 degree relatives with pep ulcers (3x risk), Type 0 blood, high pepsinogen (5x risk) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in hemorrhage and perforation complications in peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
Hemorrhage will cause blood to ENTER stomach (may cause anemia)
Perforation is where the stomach actually gets a hole in it and stomach acid can leak into peritoneum. |
|
|
Term
| Peptic ulcers are associated with which diseases? |
|
Definition
| Cirrhosis (10x risk), Chronic renal failrue, COPD, Hereditary endocrine syndromes |
|
|
Term
| Overexpression of c-kit oncogene encoding a tyrosine kinase may cause what type of cancer? |
|
Definition
| A benign neoplasm called Gastrointestinal stromal tumor. This is from cells of Cajal in GI muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Recently, the c-kit tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (Glivec/Gleevec) has been used to treat what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 countries have super high rates of Gastric carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach carcinomas often occur under what conditions (risk factors)? |
|
Definition
| Eating starch, fish meat. nitrosamines in processed meat and veggies (milk and vitamin C inhibit nitrosamines), presence of H pylori. |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of early gastric cancers (Those that are confined to mucos and submucosa)? |
|
Definition
| They are defined by their shape: exophytic (sticking out), flat (flat), and excavated (sinking inward). A positive Virchow node accompanies early gastic cancer. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of advanced gastric cancers? |
|
Definition
| Polypoid (projects into lumen), ulcerating (raged base, firm margins), and diffuse infiltrating (thick and firm stomach wall, linitis plastica) |
|
|
Term
| What is a first line drug to use against TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is a great place to look on the body for jaundice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hemostatic disorders accompany hepatic failure? |
|
Definition
| Coagulation (due to decreased albumin), thrombocytopenia (less platelets), Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
|
|
Term
| Which organ is often affected during hepatic failure (aside from the liver)? Why? |
|
Definition
| The kidneys. This is known as Hepatorenal syndrome. The kidneys get less and less blood during hepatic failure causing them to lose function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal breast development in men. It is an endocrine complication indicative of hepatic failure. |
|
|
Term
| What 2 signs of hepatic failure can you see on the face and hands? |
|
Definition
| Spider angioma (often just below eyes) and erythemaous palms |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not an origin for cirrhosis?
Ischemic liver
viral hepatitis
alcohol abuse
cryptogenic |
|
Definition
| ischemic liver. FYI Cryptogenic means that there is an obscure or unknown origin |
|
|
Term
| During cirrhosis fibrous septa in the liver separate ___________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which isn't a form of Alcoholic Liver Disease:
Fatty Liver
Alcoholic hepatitis
Ethanol diffusicus
Alcoholic cirrhosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is so diagnostic of Fatty liver (AKA Hepatic steatosis)? |
|
Definition
| The unusually high number of fat bubbles in the liver caused by the lack of fat metabolism in the diseased liver. Also, look out for perivenular fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
| The presence of PMN infiltrate, cytokeratin abundance, Malory bodies, and hepatocyte necrosis together lead to the diagnosis of what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can a parasitic worm cause cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
| Trematodes can cause hepatosplenomegaly, which will cause an increase in liver by blocking sinusoids. This is a major cause of cirrhosis in underdeveloped countries. |
|
|
Term
Which is not a types of prehepatic portal hypertension:
portal vein thrombosis
Increased splenic flow
myeloid metaplasia
DIC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is not a posthepatic cause of portal hypertension?
Vena cava ovstruction
Decreased Right Atrial pressure
thronbosis of hepatic veins
alcoholic central sclerosis |
|
Definition
| Decreased right atrial pressure |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not an intrahepatic cause of portal hypertension?
Schistosomiasis
bilary cirrosis
Arsenic toxin
Obstructive hepatofibrosarcoma
Sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
| obstructive hepatofibrosarcoma. This disease is not real. |
|
|
Term
Which are complications of portal hypertension:
splenomegaly (hypocytopenia)
Ascites (caput-medusae)
Esophageal varices (dilations that can rupture) |
|
Definition
All of the above:
splenomegaly (hypocytopenia)
Ascites (caput-medusae)
Esophageal varices (dilations that can rupture) |
|
|
Term
| What is coincident and dependent on HBV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only hepatitis virus that is dsDNA (and just DNA for that matter)? |
|
Definition
| HBV-which has high mortality |
|
|
Term
| Which hep viruses occur mostly in pregnant people and is transmitted via oral-fecal? |
|
Definition
| HEV. HAV is also fecal-oral |
|
|
Term
On the pie chart in lecture about risk factors for Hep B, which group of people is most infected:
Hetersexuals
Homosexuals
IV drug users
Heath care workers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What isn't a signs and symptoms of Hep B?
Flu
Jaundice
Tea colored urine
esophageal varices
pale stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many of those infected by HBV will get a subclinical transient infection with subsequent recovery? |
|
Definition
| 65%. The remaining 35% will get symptomatic acute hepatitis. Over 90% of these will recover, while 10% will get chronic hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| Those with chronic hepatitis from HBV, how many will develop cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
| Between 10-30% will develop cirrhosis and chronic hep. The others (70-90%)will be asymptomatic HBV antigen carriers. |
|
|
Term
| Among those with HBV caused cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis- how many will develop hepatocellular carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which Hepatitis has the following characteristics:
no vaccine
IV drug use is leading risk factor
leading cause of liver transplant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Among those infected by HCV, how many will get acute hepatisis followed by persistant infection and no recover? |
|
Definition
| 80% will develop persistant infections, only 20% will recover |
|
|
Term
| If you have a persistant HCV infection are you more likely to get chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
| Chronic hepatitis (80%). Cirrhosis=20% |
|
|
Term
Do the following signs indicate chronic or acute hepatitis?
Necrosis
lymphocyte cell invasion
councilman bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is more benign:
Hepatic adenoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
mtastatic cancer |
|
Definition
| hepatic adenoma. Birth control is a risk factor, Bleeding will occur which may invade the peritoneal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| If you have alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1T1), to what type of cancer are you susceptible? |
|
Definition
| Hepatocellular carcinoma because A1T1 is produced in the liver but not released, causing buildup. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ is a type of mycotoxin from aspergillus that will go to the liver and accumulate. It is a carcinogen. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the difference between black and brown pigmented stones |
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Definition
| Black stones are associated primarily with hemolytic diseases and bilirubinemia, whereas brown are typically associated with bacterial infections. |
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Term
Which isn't a factor for acute pancreatitis?
alcohol abuse
Measles
Mumps
Rubella |
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Definition
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Term
| How can Trauma, drugs and viruses can cause acute pancreatitis? |
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Definition
| Through Acinar cell injury |
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Term
2 part T/F
1 Gall stones and neoplasms can cause duct obstruction leading to pancreatitis
2 Defective intracellular transport can also cause acute pancreatitis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the prognosis of acute pancreatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
2 part T/F
1 chronic pancreatitis is a reversible disease caused by alcoholism.
2 It can cause diabetes and malabsorption |
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Definition
1 F- it is Irreversible
2 True |
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Term
| What is the courvoisier sign? |
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Definition
| If the patient has pancreatic cancer the gall bladder is enlarged with accompanying jaundice |
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Term
2 part T/F
1 K ras mutations, diabetes, and diets of high fat and meat contribute to pancreatic cancer
2 Fortunately, survival rates of pancreatic cancer are good. |
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Definition
1 True
2 False- less than 5% 5yr survival |
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Term
2 part T/F
1 In patients with pancreatic cancer, ductal adenocarcinoma is usually the cause
2 pancreatic cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer deaths in males |
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Definition
| Both true- Ductal carcinoma is the cause in 90% of pancreatic cancers |
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