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| according to Max Weber, a hierarchical authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on the merit principle, and behaves with impersonality. It governs modern states. |
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| one of the key inducements used by political machines. A "word" job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone. |
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| Pendleton Civil Service Act |
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Definition
| Passed in 1883, and Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage. |
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| a system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service |
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| the idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill |
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| a federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics |
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| Office of Personal Management |
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| the office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process |
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| GS (General Schedule) rating |
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Definition
| A schedule for federal employees, ranging from GS1 to GS18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience. |
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| an elite cadre of about 9,000 federal government managers, established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, who are mostly career officials but include some political appointees who do not require Senate confirmation |
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| independent regulatory commission |
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Definition
| a government agency responsible for some sector of the economy, making and enforcing rules to protect the public interest. It also judges disputes over these rules |
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| a government organization that, like business corporations, provides a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its services. The U.S. Postal Service is an example. |
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| independent executive agency |
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Definition
| the government not accounted for by cabinet departments, independent regulatory commissions, and government corporations. Its administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the president's pleasure. NASA is an example |
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| the stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. It involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program |
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| standard operating procedures |
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Definition
| Better known as SOPs, these procedures are used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations. Uniformity improves fairness and makes personnel interchangeable |
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| administrative discretion |
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Definition
| the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. It is greatest when routines, or standard operating procedures, do not fit a case |
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| a phrase coined by Michael Lipsky, referring to those bureaucrats who are in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion |
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| the use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector. It pervades the daily life of people and institutions |
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| the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and other professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer |
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| command-and-control policy |
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Definition
| according to Charles Schultze, the typical system of regulation where by government tells business how to reach certain goals, checks that these commands are followed, and punishes offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Charles Schultze, a more effective and efficient policy than command-and-control; in this system, market like strategies are used to manage public policy |
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| regulations originating from the executive branch. They are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy; more often, though, presidents pass along their wishes through their aides. |
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| a mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees. These dominate some areas of domestic policymaking |
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