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| A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government. |
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| A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Most national governments today are these |
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| intergovernmental relations |
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| The workings of the federal system-- the entire set of interactions among the national, state, and local governments. |
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| Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution |
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| Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. |
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| The final paragraph of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. |
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| A clause in Article IV, Section I, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states. |
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| A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
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| privileges and immunities |
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| A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states. |
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| A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. |
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| A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. |
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| The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of national government's relations with state and local governments. |
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| Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. |
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| Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. |
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| Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of application. |
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| Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation of in administrative regulations. |
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