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| reflective thinkning focused on deciding what can reasonably be believed and then using this information to make politial judgments. |
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| the widely shared and deepseated political beliefs of a particular people. |
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| the principlae that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, provided they do not infringe unresonably on the freedom and well-being of others. |
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| a government that is subject to strict limits on its lawful uses of power and, hence, on its ability to deprive people of their liberty. |
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| the power of courts to decide whether a governmental institution has acted within its constitutional powers and, if not, to declare its action null and void. |
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| an unofficial tern that refers to the electors who cast the states' electoral votes. |
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| a governmental system in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of government: national and regional. |
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| the process by which national authority has increased over the course of U.S. history as a result primarily of economic change but also of political action. |
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| federal cash payments to states and localities for programs they administer. |
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| the fundamental individual rights of a free society, such as freedom of speech and the right to a jury trial, which in the united states are protected by the bill of rights. |
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| Americans' freedom to communicate their views, the foundation of which is the first amendment rights of freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly, and petition. |
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| a three-part test to determine whether a law relating to religion is valid under the religious establishment clause. to be valid, a law must have secure purpose, serve neither to advance nor inhibit religion, and avoid excessive government entanglement with religion. |
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| equal rights or civil rights |
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| the right of every person to equal protection under the laws and to equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities. |
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| legal classifications, such as race and national origin, that have invidious discrimination as their purpose and therefore are unconstitutional. |
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| refers to programs designed to ensure that women, minorities, and other traditionally disadvantaged groups have full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas of life. |
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| the politically relevant opinions held by ordinary citizens that they express openly. |
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| the personal sense of loyalty that an individual may feel toward a particular political party. |
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| those who believe government power should be used to uphold traditional values. |
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| a feeling of personal disinterest in or lack of concern with politics. |
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| active and sustained efforts to achieve social and political change by groups of people who feel that government has not been properly responsive to their concerns. |
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