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| policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment to members of some previously disadvantaged group |
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| communication in the form of advertising |
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| Americans with Disabilities Act |
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| law requiring employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment |
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| part of the fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing that persons cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property by the US or state governments without due process of law |
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| part of the First Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" |
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| rule that evidence, no matter how incriminating, cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained |
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| Equal Protection of the Laws |
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| part of the fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people |
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| First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion |
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| legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment |
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| publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation |
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| government's preventing material from being published |
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| situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested |
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| situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself/herself in court. Illegal in law |
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| legal right to vote. Fifteenth A (African Americans), Nineteenth A (women), and Twenty-sixth A (over 18) |
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| law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, federal registrars were sent to Southern states and counties that had long histories of discriminations |
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| Brown v Board of Education |
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| school segregation in Topeka, Kansas was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection |
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| people of African descent imported into the US and held as slaves or their descendants, free or not, could never be citizens of the US and that the US Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. Considered the epitome of American shame and cleared the way for the Civil War to progress |
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| upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100 thousand Japanese American in encampments during WWII. Also considered a shameful American ruling |
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| constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races" was not unconstitutional. Another humiliating American shame |
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| state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race |
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| Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities |
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| state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren |
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| anyone accused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed has a right to a lawyer |
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| freedoms of press and speech are "fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states" as well as the federal government |
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| upholds the constitutionality of the death penalty. "It is an extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme of crimes." Did not believe that the death sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment |
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| aid to church-related schools must have a secular legislative purpose, have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion, and not foster excessive government entanglement with religion |
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| Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures must be extended to the states as well as the federal government |
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| avoids defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" |
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| sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel |
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| establishes guidelines for determining whether public officials and public figures could win damage suits for libel |
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| Planned Parenthood v Casey |
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| Supreme Court loosens its standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of "strict scrutiny" of any restraints on a "fundamental right" to one of "undue burden" that permits considerably more regulation |
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| state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. Forbade state control over abortions during first trimester, permits states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in second trimester, and permits states to protect the fetus during third trimester |
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| upholds the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during WWI. Justice Holmes declares that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils |
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| struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment |
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| List five elements of the Weberian model of bureaucracy. |
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| Has hierarchical authority structure, uses task specialization, develops extensive rules, operates on merit principle, behaves with impersonality |
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| What's the difference between the acquisitive monopolistic model of bureaucracy and the garbage can model of bureaucracy? |
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| Monopolistic Model bureaucracies are expected to run like private companies which is to maximize their budgets and power. They are monopolistic due to no lack of clients. Garbage Can bureaucracies are a "loose collection of ideas" which uses their plethora of ideas to try and solve problems that may have arisen |
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| What are three minimum elements of implementation? |
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| creation of a new agency or assignment of a new responsibility to an old agency, translation of policy goals into operational rules and development of guidelines for the program, coordination of resources and personnel to achieve the intended goals |
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| What are some reasons implementation might fail? |
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| faulty program design, lack of clarity, lack of resources, administrative routine or SOP may become obstacles to action, mischief may occur in Administrator's disposition, coordination between relevant agencies is challenging/fragmenting |
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| What's the difference between an iron triangle and an issue network? |
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| Iron triangle works together due to their mutual dependency, whereas issue network work together due to their collective intellectual or emotional commitments |
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| What effect does bureaucracy have on the scope of government? |
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| Bureaucracies shrink the government as the population the bureaucracies work for increases faster than the bureaucracies themselves. Existing bureaucracies are forced to take on additional new roles and services for the expanding American population |
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| Explain the practice of senatorial courtesy. |
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| unwritten tradition in which nominations for lower-court positions are not confirmed when opposed by a senator from the state in which the nominee is to serve. This meant that other senators would faithfully vote with the opposing senator to reject the nomination that the president has put forth, making it difficult for the president to offer a candidate that would pass inspection and approval |
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| What is "standing to sue"? |
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| requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in a case, which depends on whether they have sustained or are likely to sustain a direct and substantial injury from a party or an action of government |
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| What's the Warren Court basic ideology, judicial attitude, and key cases? |
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| Judicial Activism. Segregation is unconstitutional and political and judicial equality for all. Rules that segregation of public schools were unconstitutional, expanded the rights of criminal defendants, extends the right to counsel and protections from various unfair illegal practices, ordered states to reapportion both their legislatures and their congressional districts to the principle of one person, one vote, and finally prohibited organized prayer in public schools |
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| What's the Burger Court's basic ideology, judicial attitude, and key cases? |
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| Judicial Restraint. Narrows defendant's rights, requires school busing in certain cases to eliminate historic segregation, upheld affirmative action programs in the Weber case, and most importantly orders Nixon to turn the White House tapes over to the courts |
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| What's the Rehnquist Court's basic ideology, judicial attitude, and key cases? |
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| Judicial Restraint. Would typically defer to the will of the majority and the rules of the government instead of being the special protector of individual liberties and civil rights for minorities. The Court has limited, but not reversed, rights established by liberal decisions such as those regarding defendants' rights and abortions |
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