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| Those already holding office. In congressional elections, incumbents usually win. |
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| Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals; cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get. |
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| The mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions in the district of a member of Congress. |
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| A legislature divided into two houses. The U.S. Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's are bicameral. |
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| An institution unique to the House of Representatives that reviews all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full House. |
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| A strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on the tradition of unlimited debate. Today, 60 members present and voting can halt a filibuster. |
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| An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant. |
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| The principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House our the party's wheel horse in the Senate. The majority leader is responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes in behalf of the party's legislative positions. |
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| Party leaders who work with majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party. |
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| The principle leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate. |
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| Separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas. |
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| Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses. |
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| Congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill. |
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| Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as Watergate investigation. |
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| Congress's monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings. |
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| The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bill when they are brought before the full house. |
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| A simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970s. The member who had served on the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regardless of party loyalty, mental state, or competence. |
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| A group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Most are composed of members from both parties and from both houses. |
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| A proposed law, drafted in precise, legal language. Anyone can draft a bill but only a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can formally submit a bill for consideration. |
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| consisting of a single chamber, as a legislative assembly. |
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| A law enacted by a legislature. |
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| the right to guaranteed benefits under a government program, as Social Security or unemployment compensation |
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| a method of closing a debate and causing an immediate vote to be taken on the question. In the Senate, 60 members present and voting can vote on cloture and end a filibuster |
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