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| Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support borad programs in areas such as community development & social services. |
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| federal grants that can be used oly for specific purposes, or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. |
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| A system of gov. in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national gov.. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly. |
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| a system of gov. in which both the states and the national gov. remain supremem within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies |
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| The final paragraph of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. |
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| Powers of the fed. gov. that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article 1, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes. |
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| a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
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| A way of organizing a nation so that two levels of gov. have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of gov. |
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| The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national gov.'s relations with state and local govs. |
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| Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. |
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| A clause in Article 4, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by the courts of other states. |
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| a landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. The commerce clause has been the constitutional basis for much of Congress's regulation of the economy. |
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| Powers of the fed. gov. that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. The Constitution states that Congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers enumerated in Article 1. Many federal policies are justified on the basis of implied powers. |
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| intergovernmental relations |
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| The workings of the federal system- the enitre set of interactions among national, state, and local govs. |
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| An 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national gov. over state govs.. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition ot the enumerated powers found in the Constitution. |
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| privileges and immunities clause |
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| A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizensof other states. |
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| federal grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications. A type of the categorical grants available to states and localities. |
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| Article IV of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national gov. is acting within its consitutional limits. |
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| The Constitutional amendment stating that, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nore prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or the people." |
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| A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central gov.. Most govs. today, including thos of Great Britain and Japan, are unitary govs. |
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