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| Current Office Holders, typically re- elected. |
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| services provided for voters, who may vote out of loyalty |
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| privilege of sending mail free of charge |
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| reallocation of seats in the house based on population. Happens when congressional districts chance according to population shifts within districts. |
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| when congresstional districts must be redrawn as a result of reappointment. |
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| When congressional districts are drawn to create a political advantage. |
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| Majority-Minority District |
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| intentionally creating a district that enables a minority group to send representatives to congress. |
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| specific designation within a bill that is intended to fund a project. |
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| determines the order in which congress addresses policy problems. |
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| the process in which congress reviews the actions of the executive branch. Intended to ensure Executive branch actions are constitutional. |
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| a group of congressional members who specifically examine a single issue, or topic. (like army) |
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| allows senators to speak as long as they hold the floor. ended by cloture vote, or when 3/5 of senators wish to end debate. |
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| a liaison who relays the voting plans of party members to the leadership. |
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| practice of trading votes on a single bill in exchange for support on another measure. Swapping votes to gain support for a preferred policy. |
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| International treaty between a president and a foreign Government but is not ratified by state. Does not build on future presidents. |
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| Chief representative of a state, usually imbued with political powers. (president!) |
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| a select group of experts who advise the president and implement his policies on a variety of issues. Washington had 4, today we have 15 |
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| Presidential powers that have expanded through American History listed in Article II of the constitution. |
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| presidential decrees that have weight of law, they have same effect as a law passed by congress. Often used strategically. |
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| broad powers granted to the president during a crisis. First used by Linclon in Civil war, Formally acknowledged in the supreme court case; US v Curtiss- Wright Export Corp. |
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| allows president and other executive officials to refuse to disclose information |
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| Historian, described the current executive branch as an "Imperial Presidency" |
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| process in which cases are heard and ruled upon in the American Legal system |
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Judicial review was established during this,
supreme court argued it had the authority to decide whether laws were consistent with the constitution. |
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| review decisions of district courts to ensure law is properly applied. |
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| rulings based on legal precedent, requires judges to respect the decisions of previous courts. Latin for Let the decision stand. |
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| refers to its authority to hear and decide a case, the first court to hear a case. |
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| authority to review the decisions of a lower court and determine if the law was correctly applied. Only responsibility of Appeals courts. |
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| Member of the House of Representatives |
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| gave states citizens the right to elect senators. Staggered elections, 1/3 of the senate is elected every two years. |
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already been in office, people think they have been doing a good job so they vote on them to continue, they hear their name and are most familiar with it so they re-elect them.
98% of Representatives return to congress
88% of senators return |
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| Enumerated powers of congress |
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| ability to raise army, declare war, regulate interstate commerce, borrow money, coin money, regulate copyrights and patents, establish and regulate immigration process. |
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| Responsibilities of congress |
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| to represent their constituents (voting in a way that reflects the demands of the district or state), speak for a broader constituency ( feminist, liberal etc), supply pork barrel projects, individual service for constitutes, |
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| funding appropriations intended for a district project in a members district. |
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| is determined by the order by which congress addresses policy problems, usually determined by size of problem, |
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| process in which congress reviews the actions of the executive branch ,intended to ensure executive actions are constitutional |
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| Forms of congressional oversight |
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congressional hearings on policy implementation
confirmation hearings
investigations of wrongdoings and implementation. |
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| Legislative process (how a bill becomes a law) |
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| bill must pass in identical forms in both chambers of congress, five phases a bill must pass through: introduction, committee review, house and senate approval, conference committee reconciliation, president approval. |
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| proposed piece of legislation |
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| Committees in congress/ Actions they take |
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a group of congressional members who specifically examine a single issue or topic, (ex the army)
Agency review
Hearings
Mark UP
Report |
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| requires that relevant executive agencies consider and comment on a bill |
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| A committee hears testimony from experts and other relevant figures to gather information |
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| Committee proposes changes to a bill |
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| committee issues a summary of the bill and its intent |
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| Rules of Debate in the House of Representatives |
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| committee determines how ong a bill will be debated, and the number of amendments attached. |
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| Rules of Debate in the Senate |
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| requires unanimous consent to set rules of debate, they may fillibuster a bill, |
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| Current speaker of the house |
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| Current President Pro tempore |
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| Current Senate Majority Leader |
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| manager of the house, sets the agenda, and guides legislative process |
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| When the Vice president is out the Pro Tempore steps in, the leader of the senate, usually the guy who has been there the longest. responsibility is to manage debate n the floor. Actual political power rests with party leadership. |
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| In House of Representatives, Leadership |
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| chosen in a caucus, or party conference, |
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| Factors that shape voting behavior |
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| personal experience, context, political pressure, importance of issue, becomes political during election year. Logrolling takes place. |
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| the most important legislative power the president posesses. gives him the ability to check the Influence f Congress |
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| Ways president can influence national economy |
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creates regulations, or laws, which corporations must obey, appoints chair of federal reserve.
Legislation the president signs is also evaluated in terms of economic impact. |
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| responsible for setting interest rates and managing the countries money supply. President appoints him. |
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| Presidents Powers on Foreign Policy |
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| negotiates treaties, receives foreign dignitaries, and appoints ambassadors to other countries, also signs executive agreements. Also commander in chief of armed forces. |
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| a type of international treaty between a president and a foreign government but is not ratified by senate. |
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| Elements that influence Vice Presidential Candidates |
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| based on electoral appeal, and political experiance |
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| Big Four Cabinet Departments |
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| Justice, State, Treasury, and War (Defense) |
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Vice president shall become president when he dies,
line of succession
establishes protocol if president becomes incapacitated. |
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| What came after the 25th amendment? |
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| Line of succession, Vice President, speaker of house, president pro temp, etc |
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| What steps allow a Vice President to remove President from Power? |
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| if president cannot notify congress, the Vp and a majority of cabinet officials inform congress and Vp becomes president. For Vice to remain President he must 2/3 vote is taken to keep vp in power |
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| Expressed Powers of the President |
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| Commander in chief, Chief ambassador, inherited powers, statutory powers |
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| Rules and exceptions to executive privledge |
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Definition
| allows president and other executive officials to refuse to disclose information, only applies to confidential dialogs, also protects details of a specific conversation. |
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| Popular presidents can use the authority of their office as a way to spread their message, can use influence to persuade congress. |
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| Evolution of Presidential power |
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| Thomas Jefferson was first to significantly expand powers of presidency (Louisiana purchase), Jackson was 1st president not part of the elite, mobilized support among common people, Roosevelt New deal plan set new jbs and used Government as a safety net. |
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| Americans trust was eroded by |
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| pentagon papers, and then watergate scandal |
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| Historically Great Presidents |
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| Washington, Lincoln, Reagan |
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| Contributors of Imperial Presidency |
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| Pentagon Papers, Watergate scandal. |
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| How are court cases named? |
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| Plaintiff (person bringing case) is listed first and then Defendant is named second |
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| Broad distinctions (types) of cases in american legal system? |
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| Civil Cases, Criminal Cases. |
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| Involve a dispute between two private parties |
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| involve an act that violates a law that is designed to protect individuals from harm |
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| Created federal district courts or sub-units of SC Jurisdiction covered an entire state, Judges were expected to maintain close connections with state governments. |
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| Established through case Marbury V Madison (1803) supreme court argued it had the authority decide to whether laws were consistent with the constitution. Laws that were inconsistent were struck down as unconstitutional. |
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| congress created mid-level circuit courts in order to reduce the caseload of the supreme court. Created 9 circuit courts with regional jurisdictions, 12 regional Appellate courts and 13 appeals courts. |
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| Five basic sources of Law |
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| constitutions, statutes, Judicial Decisions, executive orders and Administrative/ Regulatory Law. |
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| Final interpreter of constitution |
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| laws written by legislatures intended to reflect the values and concerns of that government |
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| clarifies vague statures passed by congress, laws written vaguely to generate political support. So interpretation delegates significant power to bureaucrats. |
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| What court will always have jurisdiction? |
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| original jurisdiction: the first court that hears a case. |
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| Type of Jurisdiction that the supreme court has? |
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