Term
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Definition
-cognitive shortcuts that allow us to think about stuff quickly and make decisions about stuff we don’t know much about.
· Racial stereotype – used to make decisions about thing with racial char.
o Race is socially constructed – no real “facts”
o Based on small amount of information
o Easily manipulated
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Term
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Definition
cognitive shortcuts that allow us to think about stuff quickly and make decisions about stuff we don’t know much about.
• Racial stereotype – used to make decisions about thing with racial char.
o Race is socially constructed – no real “facts”
o Based on small amount of information
o Easily manipulated |
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Term
| Democratic expectations of mass media |
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Definition
• Surveillance of sociopolitical environment
• Meaningful agenda setting (telling us what’s most important)
• Platforms for advocacy
• Dialogue across diverse range of views
• Mechanisms for holding officials accountable
• Incentives for citizens to learn about politics
• A principled resistance
• A sense of respect |
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Term
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Definition
• Socially constructed
• Based on sense of biology – thought it inheritable
• Sense that each race is distinguishable and has finite differences from another |
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Term
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Definition
– stigmatizing of differences in order to justify economic, political, cultural, or psychological advantages or abuses of power. It’s a system of structural inequalities or historical processes that are both created and recreated through routine practices.
• Individual racism – 1 on 1 basis
• Institutional racism – occurs on big scale/gov corp. (ex: Jim Crow, top 10%)
• Overt racism – out in the open
• Covert racism – secret |
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Term
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Definition
| system of beliefs that reproduce assumptions about individuals belonging to a particular racial group |
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Term
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Definition
– recognition that you’re part of a group
• Politicized racial identity
• Extent that your groups identity is due to structure, not to individual people
• How hostile you are to another group
• Correct way to beat inequality is through political action/means |
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Term
| Sources of Internalized Racism |
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Definition
• Taking in the negative messages of overt and covert racism, superiority, inferiority, and white privilege
o Ex : American Indians and Andrew Jackson’s Indian removal
o Or African Americans and the slave trade/police brutality |
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Term
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Definition
• Reporters of objective fact – just tell facts. No interpretation. No background info. Sole purpose is an accurate and true portrayal of world
• Neutral Adversary – serve as a check on government and act as a watchdog. Role is to discover the “truth” and act as a check on government
• Public advocate – Media is a more active player in politics. Acts as a linkage institution whose social responsibility is to use news making process to engage newsmakers and readers in debate over politically important issues
• Profit seeker – sole purpose is to create profit. No social responsibilities
• Propagandist – maintain status quo. Filter info that will destroy support of those in power. |
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Term
| Types of News Coverage of Government |
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Definition
• Full control – news revealed and conveyed is under total control by org
• Partial control – news source has some control over what is said
• Uncontrolled – government official has no control over what info is sent |
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Term
| Functions of the Mass Media |
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Definition
• Surveillance – watching over government
o Public surveillance – spotlights selected people, org, or events and make them important to politicians and general public.
o Private surveillance – informs individual citizens about current events for gratification of the individual user
• Interpretation – interpret events, put them into context, speculate consequence
• Socialization – teach basic values and orientations that prepares individuals to function in society |
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Term
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Definition
– small number of journalists have final control over story choices
Results of Gate-keeping:
• People in news usually the same type
• News tend to be more action oriented/packed
• Info-tainment news
• Support for the establishment |
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Term
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Definition
– “investigative journalism”
• Purpose is to incite some sort of political consequence/lead to political action
Results of Muckraking
• Reduces pool of people willing to go for public positions
• Contributes to growing cynicism
• Displaces other newsworthy situations
• No time to compare relative merits of stories
• Politicians can wield some power of news
• Less check on background of news stories |
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Term
| Methods of Controlling the News |
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Definition
• Legal – laws explicitly created to control news (i.e. no news can be false)
• Normative – rules media should be following, though it’s not law (i.e. never showing a dead body on TV)
• Structural – way to control news via structure (i.e. like needing a license to operate a radio station)
• Economic – boycott (i.e. I’m not going to watch unless __ removed – everyday check on news) |
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Term
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Definition
– Loop between sender, receiver, and feedback
• Message sent to receiver, obscured by “noise”
• Receiver can interpret that message differently
• Info sent by channels – way we send the message |
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Term
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Definition
technological tools used to transmit the messages of mass media
• TV, internet, radio, newspapers |
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Term
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Definition
– society wide communication process in which someone uses technology to send messages to a large audience, most of who are not known to sender
• Generally broad, general messages made for widespread use |
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Term
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Definition
| – organizations that convey interests/preferences of mass public to their elected representatives (i.e. political org, media, or interest groups) |
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Term
| Areas of Communication Research |
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Definition
• Campaign – systematic course of aggressive activities for a specific purpose.
• Definition of social reality and norms – media provides a version of reality of facts, norm, values, and expectations.
o Unplanned and unconscious effects (ex: popular hairstyles)
• Immediate response/reaction – hear message and immediately react to it. Collective response develop out of individual reception to media
• Institutional change – other social institutions change to correspond to media consumption patterns (ex: football TV ad timeouts)
• Socialization – how individuals acquire basic orientations toward political system |
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Term
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Definition
– list of events/issues viewed at a point in time ranked as a hierarchy of importance. Agenda setting is then creating that list.
• Media agenda setting is how the media chooses stories to cover with news |
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Term
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Definition
– ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals will use to evaluate political figures
• Example : listen to Beiber, song gets stuck in head, when you have to name a song when asked, you more likely to mention Justin Beiber. |
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Term
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Definition
– presenting or conceptualizing an issue, event, or idea as associated with other ideas or values.
• How you frame causes certain info to be primed and thus affects how we think about an issue. |
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Term
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Definition
• Episodic – news presentations of political issues that are seemingly unrelated/discrete events
• Thematic – news presentation of political issues that are placed in a particular social or political context
• Ethical news – news stories that emphasize commonly shared values
• Material frame – news stories that emphasize economic aspects of issues or events |
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Term
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Definition
– how individuals acquire basic orientation towards society and towards the political system
• Begins in childhood and continues through interaction with others
• Childhood socialization
o Consists of factual info learned at school
o Also consists of watching TV programs intended for adults
o Depends on age, complex reasoning skills, and attention/information retention spans
• Adult socialization
o Learn from many sources – constant over time
o Learned through childhood
o Largely stable
o Continuously updated |
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Term
| Racial Minorities in Entertainment Media – |
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Definition
– historically, primetime TV family is white and middle class
• Take from this what is “normal” in reality
• Fuels misperceptions and perpetuate misunderstandings between the races.
• Perceptions of different races accrue in part, from ones TV experiences with those races
• Minorities usually depicted stereotypically with little coverage or coverage which is demeaning |
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Term
| Phases of Treatment of Non-White Groups in Entertainment Media |
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Definition
• Exclusionary Phase – not even mentioning the minority
• Threatening Issue Phase – minority seen as a threat (ex: Yellow Peril)
• Confrontation Phase
• Stereotypical Selection Phase – taking the threat and putting it in “right” place
• Multicultural Phase – accurate (somewhat) depiction. Acceptance of minority |
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Term
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Definition
• Plantation genre (1915-1965) ex: “Gone with the Wind”
• Contemporary revisionist images of slavery
• Blaxpoitation movies (1969-1974) (ex: Shaft) pits a black main character against the power structure.
• Hollywood conservative backlash (1975-1989) return to exclusionary phase
• Resurgent boom of black films (1990’s) |
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Term
| Stereotypes and Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Entertainment Media |
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Definition
• Most minorities first face extreme stereotyping before slowly gaining acceptance, if at all. Some, like native Indians, are currently never mentioned
• How we stereotype is often related to the US world events. For example, during war with Asia, Asians are shown as “Yellow Perils.”
• Response – individuals, organized groups, and coalitions hold protests against media depictions of minorities, sometimes leading to political action |
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Term
Stereotypes and Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Entertainment Media:
AFRICAN AMERICANS |
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Definition
o Subservient Stereotypes
o Mammies – large, asexual, caring servants
o Toms – “Uncle” Tom. Socially acceptable, selfless, submissive
o Coons – provide comic relief, childish, shown lazy. Troublesome
o Sexual Stereotypes (Black bucks, pimps, and whores)
o Shown as hypersexed, violent, and animalistic
o Incomplete Stereotypes
o Mulattoes – children of black and white parents
o Man-children – adult characters that are still children
o Matriarchs – overbearing mothers that dote on children |
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Term
Stereotypes and Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Entertainment Media:
INDIAN AMERICAN |
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Definition
often lumped all Indians under one banner
o Good Indian stereotypes
o Helpers – one with nature. Offer knowledge and help
o Victims – honorable and brave but victims of racism
o Bad Indian stereotypes
o Sadistic warriors – strong, brutal warriors who do brutal acts such as scalping while loving it
o Degrading Indian stereotypes
o Depict Indians as weak, unsuccessful, mentally deficient, or chemically dependent people.
o Old Custerism vs New Custerism
o Old – US Soldiers are the good people, Indians bad
o New – US Soldiers are the bad. Indian are victims |
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Term
Stereotypes and Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Entertainment Media:
LATINOS |
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Definition
most underrepresented minority, aside from Indians. As a result, latino TV draws huge audiences to escape from this stereotypic view
o Latino stereotypes
o Violent villains (El bandito) – treacherous and dishonest
o Bufoon/simpleton – Cheech and Chong
o Latino lover – (Zorro) suave and upper class lovers
o Latina stereotypes
o Half breed harlot – slave to her passion and loves her work
o Female clown – beautiful, but she’s only comic relief
o Dark lady – mysterious, virginal, always out of reach |
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Term
Stereotypes and Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Entertainment Media:
ASIAN AMERICAN |
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Definition
– homogenize the asian and asian American. They are the “model” minority but was a “yellow peril” before
o Yellow peril – shown as treacherous, sneaky, and danger to all
o China dolls – exotic lovers, subservient and eager to please
o Dragon ladies – manipulative asian ladies that scheme
o Asexual helper – subservient houseboy/butler
o Nerd/geek – caricature of the model minority. Smart but no social life
o Mystics – Mr. Miyagi. |
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Term
| MPAA – Community Ratings for Films |
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Definition
• Created to restore a more favorable image for the motion picture business
• Provided rules controlling content of movies and required all films to be submitted for review so it can be approved for an appropriate crowd
o G – general audience.
o PG – parental guidance advised
o PG-13 – Some material inappropriate for those under 13
o R – Restricted
o NC-17 – no minors. Replaced the X rating.
o NR – No rating |
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Term
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Definition
• Purpose was to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in US
• 11 person commission led by Illinois governor under Pres. Johnson
• Found we are moving to two societies, 1 black and 1 white – separate and unequal
• Recommends that:
o More black with editorial and managerial responsibilities
o Media must publish newspapers and produce programs that recognize the activities and existence of blacks
o Ads must incorporate more blacks
o Equality and balance in the news is crucial
• However, the commission had no “bite,” it had no way of enforcing these recommendations. It could only advise. |
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Term
| US Commission on Civil Rights (1977) |
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Definition
• All media is held to the same standard
• Implications:
o Challenged the FCC failure to regulate accurate representations of minorities
o Representations of minorities would improve if they were hired in key decision making positions
o Set standard for analysis of demographics for TV |
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Term
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Definition
• Race: The Power of Illusion
o Stated that race was not a biological construct, it was social
o Chromosomal differences between people of different races were less than that of people within races
• Obama’s Cleveland, Ohio speech
o Mainly focused on the economy |
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Term
| • If there is no biological evidence supporting the categorization of people into racial groups, then why do we make those distinctions? |
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Definition
o We make them because it allows us to make decisions about people we don’t really know through stereotypes
o These stereotypes then easily manipulated to serve ourselves |
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Term
| • What are the 3 problems associated with the use of stereotypes? |
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Definition
o Based on small amount of information
o Easily manipulated
o Socially constructed, no real “facts” |
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Term
| • What are the components of racial identity and group consciousness? |
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Definition
o Race identity – system of beliefs that reproduce assumptions about individuals belonging to a particular racial group
o Race consciousness – recognition that you’re part of a group. It’s a politicized racial identity and belief that your groups’ destiny is due to structure, not any one individual’s acts. |
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Term
| • What differentiates racism from prejudice and discrimination? |
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Definition
o Prejudice – assumed judgment made about someone before you have sufficient information about them
o Discrimination – treatment taken towards someone based solely on their class or race
o Racism – Is a stigmatizing of perceived differences in order to justify economic, political, cultural, or psychological advantages or abuses of power. It’s using stereotypes to garner advantages for yourself. |
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Term
| • What role do the media play in the political world and why is a media system important to democracy? |
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Definition
| o The role of the media in the political world is that of a linkage institution and surveillance of the government. The media system is important to democracy because it allows the public to remain informed about the government so they can make accurate decisions. |
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Term
| • What are the effects of gate-keeping? |
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Definition
o People in the news are usually the same type
o News tend to be more action oriented/packed
o Info-tainment news rule the airwaves
o Support of the establishment |
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Term
| • How can muckraking lead to political outcomes? What are the negative consequences associated with muckraking? |
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Definition
o It leads to political outcomes by drawing attention to the event and inciting some sort of political consequence when there is a media uproar
o Some of the negative consequences are:
o Reduces pool of people willing to go for public positions
o Contributes to growing cynicism
o Displaces other newsworthy situations |
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Term
| • What are the 3 stages of media research? |
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Definition
o Hypodermic Needle Model – media effects reach everyone, affect everyone the same way, and everyone give same general response
o Minimal Effects Model – media effects suggest message ineffective for most people most of the time
o Contingent Effects Model – media likely to influence particular people with particular messages at particular times/contexts |
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Term
| • What are 5 areas in which there has been extensive communication research and what are some of the lessons we’ve learned from this research? |
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Definition
o Campaign
o Systematic course of aggressive activities for a specific response
o Depends on audience, message, and source
o Candidate centered campaign based on:
• Content
• Tone
• context
o Def. of Social Reality/Norm
o Media provides a version of reality of facts, norm, values, and expectations
• unplanned and unconscious
o Immediate Response/Reaction
o Hear message and immediately react
o Collective responses develop out of individual reception to media
o Institutional Change
o Other social institutions change to correspond to media
o Socialization
o How individuals acquire basic orientations toward political system
• Begins in childhood and matures through adulthood
• Blending of old and new information |
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Term
| • How do source, message, and audience effect whether media will have an impact on viewers? |
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Definition
o Source affects the impact by whether or not it comes from a credible source. If it comes from a bad source, i.e. a friend, you’re less likely to believe. If from gov, message more likely to make an impact.
o If the message is something that you will naturally believe and not something that goes totally against your senses, you will be more likely to be impacted by that message
o If the audience is educated and open to other messages, the message will be more likely to impact them. If they are closed or highly stereotyped, only certain messages will impact them. |
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Term
| • What are the legal, normative, structural, and economic methods of controlling the news? What are the limitations of each method? |
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Definition
o Legal – laws explicitly created to control news
o Limitation : government created. Slow to enact?
o Normative – rules media should be following (though not law)
o No real “enforcement.” Rules can be broken
o Structural – way to control news via structure (like licenses)
o Can only control certain aspects of media?
o Economic – public boycotts
o Public controlled. |
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Term
| • What are the democratic expectations of the media? How do the media meet those expectations? How don’t they meet these expectations and what obstacles do they face? |
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Definition
o Surveillance of sociopolitical environment
o Meaningful agenda setting
o Platforms of advocacy
o Dialogue across diverse range of views
o Mechanisms for holding officials accountable
o Incentives for citizens to learn about politics
o A principled resistance
o A sense of respect
o Does the media meet our expectations?
o Media presents a sample of multiple views
o Presence of free press ensures some political accountability
o Media bridges political world to ordinary citizens
o BUT… They often fall short of democratic expectations.
o Some obstacles they face:
o Conflicts among democratic values
o Division between media elites and ordinary people
o Lack of interest among audience
o Constraints imposed by political and social world |
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Term
| • How can the media help and hinder the socialization process and the formation of racial ideology and what predicts whether the media will have an impact on the audience? |
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Definition
o How the media helps socialization process:
o Provides information through TV programs intended for adults
o Allows an excess of information for blending of new/old
o Media most effective where you know the least
o How the media hinders socialization process:
o Information through TV programs can be faulty
o Media most effective where you know least, so it can mislead you
o What predicts whether or not the media will have an impact on the audience?
o Age
o Complex reasoning skills
o Attention and information-retention spans
o Previous knowledge of media topics |
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