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| form of government in which one person possesses unlimited power. |
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| issued by the United States Congress, which may be spent only for narrowly-defined purposes. Additionally, recipients of categorical grants are often required to match a portion of the federal funds. |
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| powers that are held by both the states and the federal government. |
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| Constitutional Government |
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| a written document that enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. |
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| national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems. |
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| form of government in which governing power is derived from the people. |
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| a certain social environment in which people are not excluded from the activities of society, such as education, employment, or health care, on the basis of immutable traits. |
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| the governing power is a group with a main leader. |
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| stamp act, Townshend Act, Declaratory act. |
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| first use of the Necessary and Proper Clause by congress. |
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| political power in society does not lie with the electorate but is distributed among a wide number of groups. |
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| the traditional orientation of the citizens of a nation toward politics, affecting their perceptions of political legitimacy. |
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| indicates citizens' faith and trust in government and his/her own belief that he/she can understand and influence political affairs. |
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| the belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power. |
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| Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards. |
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| the people or some portion thereof retain supreme control over the government, and in which the head of government is not a monarch. |
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| states that the federal law is the highest in the land, and should be upheld in state courts. |
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| The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. |
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| an effort by political candidates and their staffs to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in the quests for political office |
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| an association of members of congress based on party interests or social group, such as gender and race |
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| a normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters |
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| informed and active membership in a political community |
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| a sense of concern among members of the political community about public, social, and political life expressed through participation in social and political organizations. |
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| a primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, buy only of the party in which they are enrolled for a periods of time prior to primary day |
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| the presidential electors form each state who meets after the popular election to cast ballots for president and vice president |
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| a process in which voters in a election don’t usually choose between candidates for an office, rather elect person who will then make the choice |
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| the public forum in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete |
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| a national party political institution that nominates the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates, establishes party rules, and writes and ratifies the party’s platform |
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| the process through which political parties select their candidates for election to public office |
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| and individual voter’s psychological ties to one party or another |
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| broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how the government should function. American political culture emphasize the value of liberty, equality, and democracy |
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| the ability to influence government and politics |
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| a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government |
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| political activities, such as voting, contacting political officials, volunteering for a campaign or participating in a protest, whose purpose is to influence government |
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| organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices. |
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| the induction of individuals into the political culture; leaning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based |
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| basic principles that shape the persons opinion about political issues and events |
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| a principle of democracy in which political authority rest ultimately in the hands of the people |
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| a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent |
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| Primaries/ Primary Elections |
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| elections held to select a party’s candidate for the general election |
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| citizens’ attitude about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events |
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| the practice of referring a measure proposed or passed by a legislature or the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection |
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| attitudes and views that is especially important to the individual holding them |
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| a small group selected by researchers to represent the most important characteristics of the entire population |
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| polling error that arises when the sample is mot representative of the population being studied, which creations errors in over representing or under representing some opinions |
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| status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational prestige |
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| the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election |
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| the right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to cote shall not be denied or abridged by the United, the congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation States or by any State on account of age, the congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation |
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| taking part in political activities for the purpose of electing to presidency |
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| a sense of concern among members of the political community about public, social, and political life, expressed through participation in social and political organization |
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| lobbying, finanical contribution, public relations, litigations, protest |
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| status in society based on level of education, income occupational prestige |
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| a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the difference views between men and women |
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| the most divisive political conflicts are over moral issues |
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| the process by which large number of people are organized for political activities |
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| newspapers, magazines, radio, and TV providing citizens with information necessary to make educated decisions |
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| stands on issues, party identifications, personal profile |
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| time consuming, choices are not extreme, inconvenient process, the right to voting comes too easily, self interests, apathy |
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| Benefits, sought by groups, which are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers |
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| Today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements. |
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| A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function. |
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| Individuals who organize to influence the governments programs and policies |
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| A stable, cooperative relationship that often develops among a congressional committee, an administrative agency, and one or more supportive interest groups. Not all of these relationships are triangular, but the iron triangle is the most typical |
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| a written statement made in “reckless disregard of the truth” that is considered damaging to a victim because it is “malicious, scandalous, and defamatory” |
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| a structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority. These institutions include: elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. |
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a strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature. -Specialized information
-Strategy consultants
-Innovation & new legislation
-Companionship
-Testify at hearings
-Drafting policies and Regulations
-Meeting with Congress members
-Interfacing with the media |
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| The party that holds a minority of legislation seats in either the House or the Senate |
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| a national party political institution that nominates that party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates, establishes party rules, and writes and ratifies the party platform. |
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| the section of the mass media that focuses on presenting current news to the public. These include print media (newspapers, magazines); broadcast media (radio stations, television stations, television networks), and increasingly Internet-based media |
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| Partisans who contribute time, energy, and effort to support their party and its candidates |
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| an individual voters’ psychological ties to ones party or another |
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| a list of the actions which a political party supports in order to appeal to the general public for the purpose of having said party's candidates voted into office. |
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| Issues both government officials and others closely associated with those government officials are paying attention |
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| a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government |
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| Organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices |
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| a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems |
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| groups that claim they serve the general good rather than only their own particular interests |
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| Special newsletters, periodicals, training programs, conferences, and other information provided to members of groups to entice others to join |
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| Special goods, services, or money provided to members of groups to entice others to join |
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| Selective benefits of group membership that emphasize friendship, networking and consciousness raising |
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| Selective benefits of group membership that emphasize the purpose and accomplishments of the group |
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| an oral statement, made in “reckless disregard of the truth” which is considered damaging to the victim because it is “malicious, scandalous, and defamatory” |
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| Downe's Rational Choice Theory |
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| a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice. |
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| favorable legislation and money |
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| Interest Groups Strategies |
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| Lobbying, Electioneering, Litigating |
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| -raise and distribute funds for political parties and particular candidates, Campaign activism, negative campaigning, Political action committees |
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| -lobbyist are often lawyers,help the courts interpret ambiguous legislation and rule on cases before legislation has officially become law, amicus curiae briefs, class action lawsuits |
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| Objective fact seeking, Public advocacy, Neutral Adversary, Profit seeking-remember they are a business, Propagandist, Democratic participation |
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