Term
1. What is the relationship between participation and stability?
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Definition
| When people begin to participate more and more in the political world, their political values and beliefs become more stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that a select few —better educated, more informed, and more interested —should have more influence than others in our governmental process. |
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Term
Difference between European and American political views.
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Definition
| European political views tend to favor the people as a whole (“we”, “us”). They also believe that the government should cater to the all needs of the people. American political views, however, favor the individual (“me”). They believe that, though needs are important, it is not the government’s job to supply the resources to alleviate them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who generally supports governmental action to promote equality, favors governmental intervention in the economy, and supports environmental issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who believes in limiting government spending, preserving traditional patterns of relationships, and that big government is a threat to personal liberties. |
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Term
Which ideology supports more/less Government Activity?
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Definition
| Liberals support more activity, Conservatives support less activity. |
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Term
What is the Media’s role in teaching Political Values?
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Definition
| They teach about patriotism and respect for authority and many people spend hours watching TV and consume political knowledge from new networks or commercials enforcing these ideas. |
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Term
What do Televised Presidential Debates shape?
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Definition
| They can shape the public’s perception of a candidate greatly. As with the Debates in 1960 between Nixon and Kennedy, as well as the debates involving Ronald Reagan, helped to solidify their favor in the eyes of the public. |
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Term
What is statistical (stratified) sampling?
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Definition
| The process of obtaining a portion of the total population (based on certain criteria) to be able to make generalizations about a group based on its members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surveys of voters leaving polling places; used by news media to predict how candidates will be doing on election day. |
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Term
What do Higher Education Levels tend to do?
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Definition
| It tends to cause people to become more politically active, increases toleration of opposing views, and increases the likelihood of voting. |
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Term
What are common Conservative beliefs?
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Definition
| Conservatives believe in and favor traditional views on social, cultural, and economic matters and want a limited role in the government. |
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Term
What are common Liberal beliefs?
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Definition
| Liberal beliefs include support of social and cultural change and want an active government, they are especially in connection with issues of equality. |
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Term
In the1930s, which political party did African
Americans begin to support?
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Definition
| The Democratic Party, due to their support of racial equality and integration. |
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Term
What is the correlation between religious beliefs and politics?
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Definition
Catholics and Jews = liberal and support the Democratic Party
non-Southern Protestants = conservative and support the Republican Party
People that have no religious affiliation = support the Democratic Party |
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Term
Define the “BANDWAGON” effect in politics.
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Definition
| The tendency for individuals to agree with the candidate or opinion that polls show to be attracting the most support or that receives the most media attention. |
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Term
What is the purpose of sampling?
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Definition
| To make generalizations about a group by examining some of its members, it represents a population so they can later predict the results. |
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Term
What is a “Normal” Distribution?
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Definition
| When you ask a question to a sample, and the graph displays a bell curve. (e.g. Asking 1,000 people their political preference) |
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Term
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What is a “Skewed” Distribution?
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Definition
| When the results of a survey return responses skewed to one side (e.g. Asking 1,000 people about the right to own private property) |
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Term
What is a “Bimodal” Distribution?
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Definition
| When the results are on the two extremes, either one answer or the other. There can be no moderate response. (e.g. Asking 1,000 people about being pro-life or pro-choice). |
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Term
What values are parents MOST influential in teaching?
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Definition
| Parents are most influential in teaching moral values, to say no, and to be good citizens. They also help in political stabilization. |
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Term
Define Political Socialization.
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Definition
The conscious and unconscious transmission of political culture and values from one generation to another.
Factors that influence the acquisition of political facts and the formation of values are called agents of political socialization.
Six agents include family, school peers and community, religion, the media, and events. |
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Term
What are schools effective in teaching?
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Definition
| Schools teach political knowledge, the value of political participation, and the acceptance of democratic principles. Their effectiveness in doing so, is however, debated. Schools seem to be more effective in transmitting basic political knowledge than in creating politically engaged students. Schools also encourage nationalism (e.g. pledge) and tolerance of others and their political beliefs. |
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Term
What does a college educattion do to a person’s ideology?
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Definition
| College education has a liberalizing effect when it comes to noneconomic issues; adults with the college experience tend to be more liberal on social issues than adults with less education. College tends to make individuals aware of differences between people and allows them to see the complexity of public policy issues. |
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Term
What do peers do to political socialization?
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Definition
| Peers are friends, classmates, and coworkers who tend to be around the same age as you and who tend to live in your community. Differences of opinions and preferences between generations are likely due to peer influence. |
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Term
Through what are racial attitudes and gender roles learned?
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Definition
| Social Political Process (e.g. influences including family, etc) |
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Term
Define margin of error; what is the standard for political polls?
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Definition
Definition: a measurement of the accuracy of the results of a survey to establish a range in which we think that the actual percentage of favorable ratings will fall.
The standard for political polls is +/- 13%. |
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Term
Why are telephone polls not effective?
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Definition
| The population that partakes in telephone polls is diminishing every year, where less than 20 percent of calls result in a completed survey. Furthermore, they tend to favor those of more extreme positions. |
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Term
Define Yellow Journalism.
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Definition
| The Associated Press (the world’s largest and oldest agency), created in 1848, inaugurated a new trend in journalism, marked by direct and simple writing designed to appeal to a wide range of readers. So-called yellow journalism, featuring sensationalism, comics, and scandal in a fierce competition to sell papers, became popular at the nineteenth century (the name came from the yellow tinted newsprint that some of these papers used) |
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Term
Define Mass Media, Broadcast Media, and Print Media.
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Definition
Mass Media- way we communicate to millions and billions of people at one time
Broadcast Media- censored, can’t show on TV, not constitutionally protected
Print Media-protected by censorship, constitutionally protected as well |
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Term
Define Libel and Slander.
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Definition
Libel: the publication of false and malicious material that defames an individual’s reputation.
Slander: making a false spoken statement to damage a person’s reputation. |
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Term
Define Censureship (Prior Restraint).
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Definition
| The power of the government to prohibit, in advance, the publication or broadcast of certain material. |
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Term
What is the relationship between Totalitarian Systems and the media?
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Definition
| In Totalitarian Systems, the media is completely controlled by the government. The media undergoes censorship in every facet. |
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Term
What are the 2 ways that television is different from other media?
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Definition
| Television is different from other media in its immediacy (showing events live) and its visual content, both of which increase emotional appeal and create a sense of legitimacy. |
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Term
What type of media has increased the most in recent years?
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Definition
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Term
Define Investigative Reporting.
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Definition
| A type of journalism in which reporters thoroughly investigate a subject matter (often involving a scandal) to inform the public, correct an injustice, or expose an abuse. |
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Term
What event created Modern Investigative Reporting?
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Definition
| The Watergate Scandal of the early 1970s brought about Modern Investigative Reporting and solidified it in contemporary media. |
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Term
Define the role the media plays in socialization.
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Definition
| It presents political facts and opinions that allows us to form our own political values and opinions. |
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Term
What is the relationship between the President and the media?
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Definition
| It differs from president to president, with some presidents (like Clinton) having many informal public talks, while others (like Truman), averaged a mere 88 talks a year. The President’s willingness to discuss with the media can earn him favor with the public. The media and the President have to work together, even if they hate each other, to get the word out. |
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Term
Define the gatekeeping role of the media.
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Definition
| The media determines which stories will receive attention and from which perspective. |
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Term
Who won the 1960 Presidential Debates? Why?
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Definition
| According to the radio, Nixon one based on his words. Kennedy, however, won in actuality because he knew how to play the TV (makeup artists, etc.) and speak through the TV. |
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Term
Which President used fireside chats to communicate with the public?
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Definition
| FDR (Franklin D. Roosevelt) |
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Term
What does media centralization and concentrations do?
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Definition
| It monopolizes the news, limits diversity and perspective. These companies get to determine what the people do and do not know. |
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Term
Define Presidential News Conference.
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Definition
| A direct opportunity for the President to speak to the press and the public. |
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Term
Define the equal time rule of the FCC.
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Definition
| Every candidate must be able to receive the same amount of advertising at the same price at the same time. Regular advertising can be bumped in favor for political advertisement for viable candidates. |
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Term
Define the social responsibility theory of media activity.
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Definition
| The idea that the media should consider the overall needs of society when making decisions about what stories to cover and in what manner. |
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Term
Define the media’s role in Interpretation Of The Facts. |
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Definition
| The media decides what is important for the people to know, causing us to only be aware of whatever the media tells us. It can also be skewed for certain political views. |
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Term
Why does the media pay more attention to the President than to Congress?
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Definition
| It is much easier to follow the President than it is to follow Congress, because we believe that the President is the most important aspect of the government. |
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Term
What is the difference between Political Culture and Public Opinion?
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Definition
| Political culture is the set of norms, customs, and beliefs of the whole, along with the shared attitudes about how government should operate, but public opinion is the attitudes of the individual regarding social and political issues. Political culture is long term, but public opinion is short term. |
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Term
What is a bell curve in Public Opinion Polling? |
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Definition
| The graph of the results looks like a bell, where most go with the average, with fewer extremes. |
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