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| The battle of the _____s for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major _____s are one of the most important elements in American politics. |
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| a team of men and women seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election |
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| The channels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the government’s policy agenda. In the United States, ___________s include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. |
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| The voter’s perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism. |
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| One of the key inducements used by party machines. A ______ job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone |
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| A group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends |
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| Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of the elections. |
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| A ________ forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s to the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals. |
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| The gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification |
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| An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies. In American presidential elections, the system in which the winner of the popular vote in a state receives all the electoral votes of that state |
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| Proportional representation |
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| An electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election. |
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| An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. __________s pursue their goals in many arenas |
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| A network of groups within the American political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. Also known as iron triangles, ___________s are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and sub committees handling that policy. |
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| Something of value (money, a tax write-off, prestige, clean air, and so on) that cannot be withheld from a group member. |
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| The problems faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group’s activities without officially joining. The bigger the group, the more serious the _________. |
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| Goods (such as information publications, travel discounts, and group insurance rates) that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues. |
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| a communication, by someone other than a citizen acting on his own behalf, directed to a governmental decisionmaker with the hope of influencing his decision. |
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| Direct group involvement in the electoral process. Groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates, and some form political action committees (PACs). |
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| Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated. |
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| A provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment. |
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| State laws forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs. State ____________ were specifically permitted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. |
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| Organizations that seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership or activities of the organization. |
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