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Government 310L O'Brien Test 3
UT FALL 13
134
Political Studies
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2013

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Term
Equal time provision
Definition
part of the Communications Act that said any airtime sold to one candidate must also be offered to the others for the same rate
Term
Fairness doctrine
Definition
requires TV stations to be provide contrasting points of view to ensure balanced coverage
Term
Framing
Definition
the way that a question is worded affects the criteria people use to evaluate a candidate
Term
Infotainment
Definition
broadcast media that is intended to both entertain and inform
Term
Measuring Public opinion
Definition
Using mass surveys to figure out the attitudes of a particular population
Term
Media effects
Definition
Filtering, Slant, Priming, Framing
Term
Filtering
Definition
Narrowing down the potential news to report.
Term
Slant
Definition
imbalance in a story that covers one candidate favorably without coverage of the other side
Term
political socialization
Definition
process by which an individuals political opinions are shaped by other people and their surrounding culture
Term
Sampling
Definition
1000-1500 people
Term
Sampling Bias
Definition
A calculation that describes what percentage of the people surveyed may not accurately represent the population being studied.
Term
527's
Definition
a tax exempt group formed primarily to influence elections trhough voter mobilization efforts and ads that don't directly endorse or oppose a candidate.
Term
Political Action committees
Definition
interest group/ division of interest groip that can raise money to contribute to campaigns or to spend on ads in support of candidates. Limit to amount they can receive and spend
Term
Blanket primary
Definition
primary election that lets all voters, regardless of party, vote on candidates
Term
Electoral Caucus
Definition
a local meeting in which party members select a party's nominee for general election
Term
Congressional Caucus
Definition
The organization of Democrats within the House and Senate that meets to discuss and debate the party's on various issues in order to reach a concensus and to assign leadership positions
Term
dealignment
Definition
A movement among voters towards non partisanship, leading towards a weakinening of previous partisan affiliaiton
Term
divided government
Definition
A situation in which the House, Senate, and presidency are not controlled by the same party
Term
New Deal Coalition
Definition
the assemblaged of groups that supported the Democratic Party in support of the New Deal in the 5th party system
Term
Party identification
Definition
A person's loyalty to a specific political party
Term
party platform
Definition
a set of objectives outliing a party's issue positions and priorities
Term
Party System
Definition
A period in which the names of the major political parties, their supporters, and the issues dividing them remain relatively stable
Term
First Party System
Definition
Federalists vs Democratic-republicans
Term
Second Party System
Definition
Democrats (poorer) vs. Whigs (richer)
Term
Third Party System
Definition
Term
realignment
Definition
A change in the size or composition of the party coalitions or in the nature of the issues that divide the party.
Term
Roles of political parties
Definition
build stable legislative and electoral alliances, mobilizing voters, develop new electoral techniques, use party labels
Term
Superdelegates
Definition
unpledged. Make up 20% of all in democratic party. Main idea is to make sure nominee is approved by leadership. Can vote for whoever they want,no matter what pledgeship to a certain candidate may be
Term
unified governemnt
Definition
a situation in which the majority house and senate and president are from same party
Term
501c3
Definition
religion, charitable, scientific and educational non profit tax exempt groups; cannot engage in political activity but can engage in some voter registration
Term
501c4
Definition
social welfare non-profit; can lobby for legislation and may also participate in campaigns; can engage in political activity; do not have to disclose who donors are
Term
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Definition
Removed restrictions on campaign spending by any organization (including labor unions and corporations) say that they have the same First Amendment rights as any person
Term
Closed polling
Definition
When you can only vote in the presinct you're assigned to, and not anywhere else in the city
Term
Texas has __ electoral college votes in 2012.
Definition
8
Term
Certificates of vote go to
Definition
Archivist of USA, POTUS, and Texas Sec. of State
Term
General Election
Definition
voters cast allots for House members, senators, and president
Term
Lowest level of participation
Definition
spectator activites; ex. putting sticker on car or wearing a button
Term
Middle level of participation
Definition
voting
Term
High level of participation
Definition
convincing some one to vote a certain way, contributing money, attending public meeting, contacting public official, raising money for candidate, becoming candidate, holding office
Term
Open Polling
Definition
where people must self-select themselves into participation; call-in, mail in, and some online polls
Term
Open seat
Definition
when an incumbent doesn't seek reelection
Term
Plurality voting
Definition
whoever receives the most vote wins regardless of whether that candidate wins a majority of the votes
Term
Prospective voting
Definition
Based on what you think candidate will do in the future
Term
Problem of prospective voting
Definition
Candidates don't always do what they say
Term
Retrospective voting
Definition
Tendency to vote on incumbents when times are good and vote against when times bad; look back on how party in power did and voted based on that
Term
Problem of retrospective voting
Definition
Gets rid of bad leaders afterwards not before
Term
Soft money
Definition
money used by parties for voter registration, public education, and voter mobilization; outlawed in 2002
Term
Superpac
Definition
Type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or to coordinate directly w/ parties or candidates
Term
Most important things that affect voting
Definition
age and education
Term
Astroturf
Definition
Any lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like the spontaneous, independent participation of many individuals
Term
Bundling
Definition
When an interest group combines alot of individuals campaign contributions into one large contribution from the group
Term
checkbook membership
Definition
Participation is limited to money contributions
Term
direct lobbying
Definition
attempts by interest group staff to influence policy by speaking directly with elected officials or bureaucrats
Term
Disturbance Theory
Definition
theory that when social, political, and economic relationships change, individuals form groups in response
Term
Elitism
Definition
Power is held by a small number of well-positioned, highly influential individuals
Term
Grassroots lobbying
Definition
relies on participation by group members, such as a protest or a letter-writing campaign
Term
Inside Strategies
Definition
tactics employed within Washington DC by interest groups seeking to achieve their goals
Term
Outside strategies
Definition
influencing Congressmen indirectly by threatening them through media. Can reduce reduce trust, but useful for getting issues on the political agenda
Term
Interest group
Definition
organization of people who share common political interests and aim to influence public policy by electioneering and lobbying
Term
Pluralism
Definition
diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of government
Term
Revolving door
Definition
movement of individuals from government positions to jobs with interest groups or lobbying firms and vice versa
Term
Purposive benefits
Definition
satisfaction derived through working toward a desired policy goal, even if goal is not achieved
Term
Solidary benefits
Definition
satisfaction derived from experience of working with like-minded people
Term
Two main models of interest groups
Definition
Centralized groups and confederations
Term
Types of interest groups
Definition
Business/corporate/economic, citizen/public interest, single issue
Term
Economic interest groups
Definition
most numerous and dominant
Term
1st Amendment
Definition
freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly; separation of church and state; right to petition government
Term
2nd Amendment
Definition
Right to bear arms
Term
3rd Amendment
Definition
Protection from forced quartering of troops in one's home
Term
4th Amendment
Definition
Protection from unreasonable search and seizure
Term
5th Amendment
Definition
No self incrimination; protection from double jeopardy; due process of law (national)
Term
6th Amendment
Definition
Right to a speedy and public trial, to attorney and witnesses
Term
8th Amendment
Definition
Protection from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment
Term
10th Amendment
Definition
Powers not delegated to national government are reserved by state or the people
Term
14th Amendment
Definition
Everyone born in US is citizen; due process of law; equal protection of law
Term
15th Amendment
Definition
citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Term
Barron v. Baltimore
Definition
State ruined the water near a warf, citizen sued, ruling was that b/c it was local government, not national, property wasn't protected; Bill of Rights only applies to national government
Term
Brandenburg v. Ohio
Definition
Brandenburg part of KKK. Law found that inflammatory speech is legal unless it will lead to imminent lawless action (1st and 14th amendments)
Term
Civil War amendments
Definition
13 (abolished slavery), 14 (civil liberties), 15th amendments (voting rights) to freed slaves after Civil War
Term
Clear and present danger
Definition
test allows the government to restrict certain types of speech deemed dangerous, established in Schenek v. US
Term
Clear and probable danger
Definition
government can suppress speech to avoid grave danger, even if it isn't probably, established in Dennis vs. US
Term
DC vs. Heller
Definition
DC code had barred carrying handguns without license, and requiring to be kept unloaded; found that it violated Second Amendment (self defense in own home)
Term
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
Definition
1857- Supreme Court found that slaves were not citizens; they were property no matter where they were and living and found Missouri compromise unconstitutional
Term
Direct incitement
Definition
protects threatening speech under 1st amendment, unless speech is likely to cause imminent lawless action. Brandenberg v. Ohio
Term
Establishment clause
Definition
Part of first amendment that says Congress cannot sponsor or favor any religion
Term
Lemon Test
Definition
Used by Supreme Court to determine whether a practice violates 1st Amendment establishment clause. If it a) did not have secular legislative purpose; b) either advanced or inhibited religion; c) fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion
Term
Exclusionary Rule
Definition
Evidence, no matter how incriminating, cannot be introduced in trial unless it was constitutionally obtained. Prohibits use of unreasonable search and seizure.
Term
Free Exercise Clause
Definition
Part of 1st amendment that says Congress cannot prohibit or interfere with the practice of religion
Term
Furman v. Georgia
Definition
Furman burglarizing home, tripped and fell and gun went off and killed resident. Convicted of murder and sentences to death. Supreme court found death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment
Term
Gregg v Georgia
Definition
overturned Furman v. Georgia; upheld constitutionality of death penalty. "extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme crimes"
Term
Gideon v Wainwright
Definition
Supreme court ruled state courts are required under 6th amendment to provide counsel in felony and criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own
Term
Griswold v. Connecticut
Definition
state law banned use of contraceptives, even by married couples; S.C. invalidated law b/c it violated right to marital privacy
Term
Hate Speech
Definition
expression that is offensive, particularly in terms of race, gender, or sexual orientation. Protected under 1st Amendment
Term
Fighting words
Definition
form of expression that "by their very utterance" can incite violence. can be regulated by government, but hard to define
Term
Lemon v Kurtzman
Definition
S.C. ruled nonpublic elementary and Secondary Education act violated Establishment cause of 1st amendment
Term
Intermediate scrutiny
Definition
legal test falling between ordinary and strict scrutiny relevant to issues of gender; S.C. allow gender classifications in laws if they are substantially related to an import government objective
Term
Ordinary Scrutiny
Definition
Assumes the action of the executive body are Legal under Constitution. It's legal unless you can prove its not
Term
Strict Scrutiny
Definition
highest level; To pass test, law must be tailored narrowly to serve compelling state interest.; used by S.C. in racial discrimination cases and other civil liberties cases; places burden of proof on government rather than challengers to show law is constitutional
Term
Libel
Definition
a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation
Term
Mapp v. Ohio
Definition
Mapp home illegally searched by police and found evidence and convicted her; Court ruled that 1st and 4th amendment rights violated, evidence was invalid
Term
McDonald v Chicago
Definition
S.C. determined that right of indivudal to keep and bear arms protected by 2nd amendment is incorporated by due process clause of 14th amendment and applies to the states
Term
Miller Test
Definition
S.C. uses to determine whether speech meets the criteria for obscenity. Material can be banned if average person would find that 1) work is crude; 2)) work describes or depicts sexually explicit/offensive acts determined by state law; 3) work as a whole lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
Term
Miller v California
Definition
Community standards define obscenity; S.C. refused to define it
Term
Miranda rights
Definition
civil liberties described in 5th amendment that must be read to people in courtroom/ being arrested
Term
Miranda v. Arizona
Definition
1966 Supreme Court Decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination.
Term
Obscenity
Definition
Publicly offensive language or portrayals usually of a sexual nature with no redeeming social value
Term
Open fields doctrine
Definition
4th amendment does NOT apply to "open fields", public places, abandoned property cause their is no reasonable expectation of privacy. No warrant needed
Term
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Definition
PA legislature passed requiredments for abortion; right to have an abortion free from undue reference to state called into question. S.C. found that regulations ok as long as they don't put substantial obstacles in the way
Term
Prior Restraint
Definition
a limit on freedom of press that allows the government to prohibit media from publishing certain materials
Term
Privacy rights
Definition
liberties protected by several amendments in Bill of Rights that shield certain aspects of citizens lives from governmental interference (ex protection from search and seizure)
Term
Privileges and Immunities
Definition
State cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents privileges
Term
Roe V. Wade
Definition
Established women's right to aboriton; national abortion guidelines based on trimester; 1st- no state interference; 2nd- state may regulate to protect health of mother; 3rd- state may regulate to protect health of unborn child
Term
School prayer
Definition
restricted school prayer every morning b/c can't force children to pray (Establishment Clause); student initiated prayer, individually or group, is ok if doesnt result in endorsement of religion by school
Term
Selective Incorporation
Definition
Process through which civil liberties granted in Bill of Rights are applied to states on case-by-case basis through the 14th amendment
Term
Slander
Definition
Spoken false statements that can damage one's reputation
Term
Snyder v. Phelps
Definition
Family of deceased Marine sued Westboro Baptist for picketing funeral (defamation, invasion of privacy, intentional infliction of emotional distress); Judge awarded $5 mil to family, but Court of Appeals overturned (freedom of religious expression); soldier was part of military, so no longer a family matter
Term
symbolic speech
Definition
Non-verbal expression (signs and symbols), benefits from many of same constitutional protections as verbal speech
Term
Texas v. Johnson
Definition
Man burned American flag in protest of Reagan; convited, sentenced to year and jail and fine; Texas Court of APpeals reversed, Case went to Supreme Court- struck down law banning burning of flag-
Term
1964 civil rights act
Definition
prohibited discrimination against race, color, sex, religion or national origin in employment, voting, or public accomodations
Term
Alexander vs. Sandoval
Definition
Individuals cant challenge a law in Alabama that says all driver's license tests and apps be only in english- state regulated
Term
Baby McLean
Definition
elevated gender to suspect classification and gender based decisions to strict scrutiny
Term
Black codes
Definition
laws enacted by southern legistlatrues after Civil war to prevent slaves from voting and holding certain jobs
Term
Bowers v Hardwick
Definition
Upheld Georgia sodomy law criminalizing private acts between consenting adults when applied to homosexuals
Term
Brown v Board of Education
Definition
Plessy v Ferguson is unconstitutional; outlawed segregation
Term
Civil Rights
Definition
Protect individuals from arbitrary and discriminatory treatment at the hands of government
Term
De facto segregation
Definition
segregation not bt law or by fact- segregation of schools resulted from houising paterns
Term
De jure segregation
Definition
occur by law; legally enforced segregation of public school
Term
Disenfranchised
Definition
often means taking away the right to vote; TX interprets as rights, immunities, and privilages
Term
Grandfather Clause
Definition
only those people whose grandfathers had voted before reconstruction could vote unless they passed a literacy or wealth test
Term
Literacy Test
Definition
Legal barrier used to exclude blacks from voting.
Term
Minor v. Happersett
Definition
women's suffrage not a right inherent in 14th amendment; protested until 19th amendment
Term
Smith v Allwright
Definition
Made white primaries illegal
Term
Suspect classification
Definition
when laws treat people differently because of race
Term
Swann v. Charlotte Macklenberg schoo district
Definition
De jure not okay, de facto is okay
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