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| part of the Communications Act that said any airtime sold to one candidate must also be offered to the others for the same rate |
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| requires TV stations to be provide contrasting points of view to ensure balanced coverage |
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| the way that a question is worded affects the criteria people use to evaluate a candidate |
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| broadcast media that is intended to both entertain and inform |
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| Using mass surveys to figure out the attitudes of a particular population |
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| Filtering, Slant, Priming, Framing |
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| Narrowing down the potential news to report. |
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| imbalance in a story that covers one candidate favorably without coverage of the other side |
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| process by which an individuals political opinions are shaped by other people and their surrounding culture |
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| A calculation that describes what percentage of the people surveyed may not accurately represent the population being studied. |
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| a tax exempt group formed primarily to influence elections trhough voter mobilization efforts and ads that don't directly endorse or oppose a candidate. |
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| Political Action committees |
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| interest group/ division of interest groip that can raise money to contribute to campaigns or to spend on ads in support of candidates. Limit to amount they can receive and spend |
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| primary election that lets all voters, regardless of party, vote on candidates |
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| a local meeting in which party members select a party's nominee for general election |
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| The organization of Democrats within the House and Senate that meets to discuss and debate the party's on various issues in order to reach a concensus and to assign leadership positions |
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| A movement among voters towards non partisanship, leading towards a weakinening of previous partisan affiliaiton |
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| A situation in which the House, Senate, and presidency are not controlled by the same party |
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| the assemblaged of groups that supported the Democratic Party in support of the New Deal in the 5th party system |
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| A person's loyalty to a specific political party |
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| a set of objectives outliing a party's issue positions and priorities |
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| A period in which the names of the major political parties, their supporters, and the issues dividing them remain relatively stable |
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| Federalists vs Democratic-republicans |
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| Democrats (poorer) vs. Whigs (richer) |
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| A change in the size or composition of the party coalitions or in the nature of the issues that divide the party. |
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| Roles of political parties |
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| build stable legislative and electoral alliances, mobilizing voters, develop new electoral techniques, use party labels |
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| unpledged. Make up 20% of all in democratic party. Main idea is to make sure nominee is approved by leadership. Can vote for whoever they want,no matter what pledgeship to a certain candidate may be |
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| a situation in which the majority house and senate and president are from same party |
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| religion, charitable, scientific and educational non profit tax exempt groups; cannot engage in political activity but can engage in some voter registration |
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| social welfare non-profit; can lobby for legislation and may also participate in campaigns; can engage in political activity; do not have to disclose who donors are |
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| Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission |
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| Removed restrictions on campaign spending by any organization (including labor unions and corporations) say that they have the same First Amendment rights as any person |
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| When you can only vote in the presinct you're assigned to, and not anywhere else in the city |
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| Texas has __ electoral college votes in 2012. |
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| Certificates of vote go to |
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| Archivist of USA, POTUS, and Texas Sec. of State |
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| voters cast allots for House members, senators, and president |
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| Lowest level of participation |
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| spectator activites; ex. putting sticker on car or wearing a button |
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| Middle level of participation |
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| High level of participation |
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| convincing some one to vote a certain way, contributing money, attending public meeting, contacting public official, raising money for candidate, becoming candidate, holding office |
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| where people must self-select themselves into participation; call-in, mail in, and some online polls |
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| when an incumbent doesn't seek reelection |
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| whoever receives the most vote wins regardless of whether that candidate wins a majority of the votes |
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| Based on what you think candidate will do in the future |
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| Problem of prospective voting |
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| Candidates don't always do what they say |
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| Tendency to vote on incumbents when times are good and vote against when times bad; look back on how party in power did and voted based on that |
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| Problem of retrospective voting |
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| Gets rid of bad leaders afterwards not before |
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| money used by parties for voter registration, public education, and voter mobilization; outlawed in 2002 |
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| Type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or to coordinate directly w/ parties or candidates |
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| Most important things that affect voting |
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| Any lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like the spontaneous, independent participation of many individuals |
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| When an interest group combines alot of individuals campaign contributions into one large contribution from the group |
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| Participation is limited to money contributions |
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| attempts by interest group staff to influence policy by speaking directly with elected officials or bureaucrats |
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| theory that when social, political, and economic relationships change, individuals form groups in response |
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| Power is held by a small number of well-positioned, highly influential individuals |
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| relies on participation by group members, such as a protest or a letter-writing campaign |
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| tactics employed within Washington DC by interest groups seeking to achieve their goals |
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| influencing Congressmen indirectly by threatening them through media. Can reduce reduce trust, but useful for getting issues on the political agenda |
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| organization of people who share common political interests and aim to influence public policy by electioneering and lobbying |
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| diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of government |
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| movement of individuals from government positions to jobs with interest groups or lobbying firms and vice versa |
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| satisfaction derived through working toward a desired policy goal, even if goal is not achieved |
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| satisfaction derived from experience of working with like-minded people |
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| Two main models of interest groups |
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| Centralized groups and confederations |
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| Business/corporate/economic, citizen/public interest, single issue |
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| most numerous and dominant |
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| freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly; separation of church and state; right to petition government |
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| Protection from forced quartering of troops in one's home |
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| Protection from unreasonable search and seizure |
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| No self incrimination; protection from double jeopardy; due process of law (national) |
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| Right to a speedy and public trial, to attorney and witnesses |
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| Protection from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment |
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| Powers not delegated to national government are reserved by state or the people |
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| Everyone born in US is citizen; due process of law; equal protection of law |
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| citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
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| State ruined the water near a warf, citizen sued, ruling was that b/c it was local government, not national, property wasn't protected; Bill of Rights only applies to national government |
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| Brandenburg part of KKK. Law found that inflammatory speech is legal unless it will lead to imminent lawless action (1st and 14th amendments) |
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| 13 (abolished slavery), 14 (civil liberties), 15th amendments (voting rights) to freed slaves after Civil War |
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| test allows the government to restrict certain types of speech deemed dangerous, established in Schenek v. US |
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| Clear and probable danger |
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| government can suppress speech to avoid grave danger, even if it isn't probably, established in Dennis vs. US |
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| DC code had barred carrying handguns without license, and requiring to be kept unloaded; found that it violated Second Amendment (self defense in own home) |
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| 1857- Supreme Court found that slaves were not citizens; they were property no matter where they were and living and found Missouri compromise unconstitutional |
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| protects threatening speech under 1st amendment, unless speech is likely to cause imminent lawless action. Brandenberg v. Ohio |
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| Part of first amendment that says Congress cannot sponsor or favor any religion |
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| Used by Supreme Court to determine whether a practice violates 1st Amendment establishment clause. If it a) did not have secular legislative purpose; b) either advanced or inhibited religion; c) fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion |
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| Evidence, no matter how incriminating, cannot be introduced in trial unless it was constitutionally obtained. Prohibits use of unreasonable search and seizure. |
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| Part of 1st amendment that says Congress cannot prohibit or interfere with the practice of religion |
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| Furman burglarizing home, tripped and fell and gun went off and killed resident. Convicted of murder and sentences to death. Supreme court found death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment |
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| overturned Furman v. Georgia; upheld constitutionality of death penalty. "extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme crimes" |
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| Supreme court ruled state courts are required under 6th amendment to provide counsel in felony and criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own |
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| state law banned use of contraceptives, even by married couples; S.C. invalidated law b/c it violated right to marital privacy |
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| expression that is offensive, particularly in terms of race, gender, or sexual orientation. Protected under 1st Amendment |
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| form of expression that "by their very utterance" can incite violence. can be regulated by government, but hard to define |
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| S.C. ruled nonpublic elementary and Secondary Education act violated Establishment cause of 1st amendment |
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| legal test falling between ordinary and strict scrutiny relevant to issues of gender; S.C. allow gender classifications in laws if they are substantially related to an import government objective |
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| Assumes the action of the executive body are Legal under Constitution. It's legal unless you can prove its not |
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| highest level; To pass test, law must be tailored narrowly to serve compelling state interest.; used by S.C. in racial discrimination cases and other civil liberties cases; places burden of proof on government rather than challengers to show law is constitutional |
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| a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation |
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| Mapp home illegally searched by police and found evidence and convicted her; Court ruled that 1st and 4th amendment rights violated, evidence was invalid |
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| S.C. determined that right of indivudal to keep and bear arms protected by 2nd amendment is incorporated by due process clause of 14th amendment and applies to the states |
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| S.C. uses to determine whether speech meets the criteria for obscenity. Material can be banned if average person would find that 1) work is crude; 2)) work describes or depicts sexually explicit/offensive acts determined by state law; 3) work as a whole lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value |
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| Community standards define obscenity; S.C. refused to define it |
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| civil liberties described in 5th amendment that must be read to people in courtroom/ being arrested |
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| 1966 Supreme Court Decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination. |
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| Publicly offensive language or portrayals usually of a sexual nature with no redeeming social value |
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| 4th amendment does NOT apply to "open fields", public places, abandoned property cause their is no reasonable expectation of privacy. No warrant needed |
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| Planned Parenthood v. Casey |
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| PA legislature passed requiredments for abortion; right to have an abortion free from undue reference to state called into question. S.C. found that regulations ok as long as they don't put substantial obstacles in the way |
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| a limit on freedom of press that allows the government to prohibit media from publishing certain materials |
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| liberties protected by several amendments in Bill of Rights that shield certain aspects of citizens lives from governmental interference (ex protection from search and seizure) |
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| Privileges and Immunities |
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| State cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents privileges |
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| Established women's right to aboriton; national abortion guidelines based on trimester; 1st- no state interference; 2nd- state may regulate to protect health of mother; 3rd- state may regulate to protect health of unborn child |
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| restricted school prayer every morning b/c can't force children to pray (Establishment Clause); student initiated prayer, individually or group, is ok if doesnt result in endorsement of religion by school |
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| Process through which civil liberties granted in Bill of Rights are applied to states on case-by-case basis through the 14th amendment |
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| Spoken false statements that can damage one's reputation |
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| Family of deceased Marine sued Westboro Baptist for picketing funeral (defamation, invasion of privacy, intentional infliction of emotional distress); Judge awarded $5 mil to family, but Court of Appeals overturned (freedom of religious expression); soldier was part of military, so no longer a family matter |
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| Non-verbal expression (signs and symbols), benefits from many of same constitutional protections as verbal speech |
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| Man burned American flag in protest of Reagan; convited, sentenced to year and jail and fine; Texas Court of APpeals reversed, Case went to Supreme Court- struck down law banning burning of flag- |
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| prohibited discrimination against race, color, sex, religion or national origin in employment, voting, or public accomodations |
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| Individuals cant challenge a law in Alabama that says all driver's license tests and apps be only in english- state regulated |
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| elevated gender to suspect classification and gender based decisions to strict scrutiny |
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| laws enacted by southern legistlatrues after Civil war to prevent slaves from voting and holding certain jobs |
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| Upheld Georgia sodomy law criminalizing private acts between consenting adults when applied to homosexuals |
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| Brown v Board of Education |
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| Plessy v Ferguson is unconstitutional; outlawed segregation |
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| Protect individuals from arbitrary and discriminatory treatment at the hands of government |
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| segregation not bt law or by fact- segregation of schools resulted from houising paterns |
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| occur by law; legally enforced segregation of public school |
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| often means taking away the right to vote; TX interprets as rights, immunities, and privilages |
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| only those people whose grandfathers had voted before reconstruction could vote unless they passed a literacy or wealth test |
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| Legal barrier used to exclude blacks from voting. |
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| women's suffrage not a right inherent in 14th amendment; protested until 19th amendment |
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| Made white primaries illegal |
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| when laws treat people differently because of race |
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| Swann v. Charlotte Macklenberg schoo district |
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| De jure not okay, de facto is okay |
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