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| a policy in educaitonal admissions or job hiring that gives special consideration or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination |
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| the charge that affirmative action programs requiring preferential treatment or quotas discriminate against those who do not have minority status |
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| the law regulating conduct between private persons over noncriminal matters. Under this, the government provides the forum for the settlement of disputes between private parties in such matters as contracts, domestic relations, and business relations |
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| the law that defines crimes and provides punishment for violations. In criminal cases, the government is the prosecutor, because crimes are against the public order |
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| full age; the age at which a person is entitled by law to the right to manage his or her own affairs and to the full enjoyment of civil right |
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| in contract law, these include whatever is reasonably necessary for suitable subsistence as measured by age, state, condition in life, and so on |
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| judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing customs. Decisions were applied to similar situations and thus gradually became common to the nation |
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