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| extraordinary powers that the president may use under certain conditions |
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| the psuedonym for a writer of a series of articles in opposition to the ratification of the Constitution |
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| a theory of restrained presidential powers; the idea that presidents should use only the powers explicitly granted in the constitution |
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| a theory of robust, broad presidential powers; the idea that the president is only limited by explicit restrictions in the constitution |
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| a political system in which the president is the central figure and participants actively in both foreign and domestic policy |
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| A group of presidential advisers, primarily the secretaries of federal departments |
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| The advisers considered most important to the president- usually the secretaries of the departmens of State, Justice, Defense and Treasury |
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| Executive Office of the President |
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| A group of presidential staff agencies created in 1939 that provides the president with help and advice |
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| Office of Management and Budget |
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| A cabinet-level office that monitors federal agencies and provides the president with expert advice on policy-related matters |
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| A federal program started in 1935 that taxes wages and salaries to pay for retirement benefits, disability insurance, and hospital insurance |
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| the concept of the presidency as a working collectivity, a massive network of staff, analysts, and advisers with the president as its head |
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| appealing directly to the people to garner support for presidential initiatives |
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| Disapproval of a bill or resolution by the president |
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| binding commitments between the U.S. and other countries agreed to by the president but, unlike treaties, not requiring approval by the senate |
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| Fast-track Trade Authority |
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Definition
| the right of the president to negotiate trade agreements with other nations, which are then submitted to Congress for approval or rejection within a specified time |
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| A measure passed by Congress in 1973 designed to limit presidential deployment of troops unless Congress grants approval for a longer period |
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| the Reagan administration's unauthorized diversion of funds from the sale of arms to Iran to support the Contras, rebels fighting to overthrow the leftist government of Nicaragua |
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| written proclamations issued by presidents regarding how they intend to interpret a new law |
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