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Gov minorities philpot UT fall 10
Gov minorities philpot UT fall 10 test 2 (final)
141
Political Studies
Undergraduate 2
12/01/2010

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Term
Black images in Advertising
Definition
stereotypes targeted in CRM, led to more black model and less offensive stereotypical images
Term
Latino images in Advertising
Definition
negative stereotypes of blacks went to latinos, latino protests made advertisers more conscious
Term
Brown Position Paper
Definition
stated that the media transferred negative stereotypes of blacks to latinos, by Rayes and Ramdon, 1970
Term
Native American images in Advertising
Definition
image of natives almost invisible, except with cars/trucks/sports, Native American protests don't work
Term
Asian Americans in advertising
Definition
Especially Japanese people portrayed as crafty/concise, growth of Asian community made them an advertising market
Term
Asians likely to be depicted as
Definition
science/tech, business/science
Term
Asians not likely to be depicted as
Definition
family/fashion
Term
Why integration in advertising?
Definition
political-CRM, economic-minority population growing
Term
Mass audience advertising reached all-time high in
Definition
1970s
Term
Commercials or TV more integrated in 1970s?
Definition
Commercials
Term
How did integration affect sales/image of the product?
Definition
Did not adversely affect, white consumers did not respond negatively except for skin color?
Term
What is target marketing?
Definition
The process of trying to make a particular product appeal to a narrowly defined group, like demographics, geographics, psychographics
Term
What was the Executive Order Establishing Multicultural Guidelines?
Definition
Commited to identify/use growth opportunities in mulicultural markets, promote inclusiveness/fairness in ads, require accountability/measurable results
Term
Two contemporary issues in ads
Definition
Skin tone (light-skinned blacks, dark skinned is negative) & target marketing of "harmful" products (blacks/latinos for liquor, beer, cigarettes)
Term
3 Critical Elements of News
Definition
Timeliness, Community Interest, Significance
Term
What is timeliness?
Definition
Critical news element, conveys info en mass when learned, media may not have time to research, may be a little false
Term
What is community interest?
Definition
Critical news element, appeals to community curiosity, human interest stories, expose', hero stories
Term
What is significance?
Definition
Critical news element, events have bearing on life, "close to home", concrete events
Term
Personalized news
Definition
news that focuses on personalities that audience have emotional connection to
Term
Dramatized news
Definition
focuses on crises, personalities, scandals.
Term
Dramatized news has what parts?
Definition
Convenient beginning, interesting middle, satisfying end
Term
Fragmented news
Definition
deals with chronic issues that have reached exceptional level/associated with crisis, e.g. economy
Term
Authority-Disorder Bias
Definition
Finding someone to blame when something goes wrong. News drama crisis is developed, reporters place official at plot center as uncaring, scheming politician failing to restore order
Term
Domestic news involves
Definition
US events, internally local, state, federal, with protests, riots, victims of crime/strikes/nat. disaster, interesting pictures
Term
Foreign Affairs Coverage
Definition
most countries focus on more international news than US, external political matters, events in other countries and US relationships.
Term
The US tends to cover...
Definition
England, France, Israel
Term
Eight values in media coverage of politics
Definition
snearism: social order, national leadership, ethnocentrism, altriusm democracy, responsible capitalism, individualism, small-town pastoralism, moderatism
Term
Unconcentrated media ownership causes
Definition
competitive news markets
Term
Concentrated media ownership causes
Definition
news monopolies (single owner), concentration of ownership (news oligopoly), cross-media ownership (more than one industry)
Term
Concentrated media ownership causes the news to be
Definition
market-driver/reader-oriented, ratings and profitability, less journalist-driven
Term
How do journalists make their decisions?
Definition
based on their demographics, personal values, professional values
Term
What are demographics?
Definition
Age, sex, race
Term
What are personal values?
Definition
Party identification, ideology
Term
What are professional values?
Definition
Proper role of media, objectivity
Term
Minority coverage is determined by
Definition
what/how much is covered, who is interview/which quotes, interpretation of journalists, evaluative words, framing
Term
News stereotypes of blacks
Definition
crime coverage of black males, or poverty stories
Term
LA Riot 1992 is an example of
Definition
black news stereotype, Rodney King, police not found guilty for bating Rodney King even with taped evidence
Term
News stereotypes of Native Americans
Definition
absent from news, stereotypes used to justify gov response to "Indian Problem", good indian vs bad indian in the 1800s
Term
Childlike/vulnerable vs uncivilized savages are examples of
Definition
native american news stereotypes in 1800s
Term
News stereotypes of Hispanics
Definition
immigrant stereotypes (mostly Mexico), criminal and dangerous stereotypes (el bandito)
Term
News stereotypes of Asian Americans
Definition
Asian American gangs, evil manipulative foreigner, ridiculous/irrelevant stereotypes, model minority stereotypes
Term
Ethnic Blame Theory
Definition
frames problem behavior committed by ethnic people within the group as a cause for intergroup conflict
Term
Cultivation Hypothesis
Definition
heavy viewers of television come to believe that the real world is like TV
Term
Stereotype theories of social cognition
Definition
stereotypes may be formed by consistently seeing out-of-group members in stereotypical roles on TV for long period of time
Term
Structural limitations perspective
Definition
says news-gathering process has an effect on the way that messages are framed
Term
What is spreading activation?
Definition
LOOK UP
Term
What is a transactional analysis?
Definition
Says that the level of power of an interest group relative to media outlet is key to understanding success of interest group
Term
7 Rules of Transaction
Definition
1. media's centrality to conflict depends on level of power of interest group, 2. lower interest group resources means high media influence on them, 3. high interest group resources/newsworthiness means high influence on media, 4. high interest group power (social/political status) means high media influence on them, 5. influence on media depends on newsworthiness relative, 6. influence on media depends on level of event/info control, 7. media influence on group depends on group's political goals
Term
Issue framing
Definition
the ability to structure a policy debate
Term
Issue dualism
Definition
media's tendency to seek balance by emphasizing conflict
Term
Symbols are
Definition
visual/verbal cues that serve as info source
Term
Metasymbols are
Definition
overarching group labels used to describe cause (green party, tea party)
Term
Source Cues are
Definition
sources Citations and source descriptors used at expense of other players and adjectives journalists use to describe these sources
Term
Additional obstacles faced by social movements' media strategy
Definition
Seek to disrupt the status quo, goals at odds with media's goals, coverage demonizes/marginalizes/delegitimizes the groups and its actions
Term
Media coverage of CRM were
Definition
over-generalized, oversimplified, varied over time/media/outlet/setting, newspaper has less background than TV, coverage impacted overstated
Term
Media coverage of American Indian Movement
Definition
used as strategy to incorporate conflict/novelty, gained coverage, lost control how they were framed (Alcatraz)
Term
Media coverage of Chicano Movement
Definition
difficult to say anything about this, coverage parallel to CRM, not as extensive
Term
Media coverage of Asian-American movement
Definition
no anaylsis done yet, parallel press played key role role in movement
Term
Indigenous media
Definition
media targeted toward particular racial/ethnic group, through cultural messages, actors, specific regions, language
Term
First black label
Definition
Motown, from motor city, Detroit, Michigan, had Jackson 5 and boyz2men
Term
The Motown Sounds had
Definition
orchestration, string sections, charted horn section, carefully arranged harmonies
Term
Motown, behind the scenes, had
Definition
artist development to ensure appeal to whites/others, production process, house writers (Smokey Robinson)
Term
Only Asian song in top 40 in last 40 years
Definition
Sukiyaki (1963)
Term
Latin Invasian began by
Definition
Ricky Martin
Term
Black television includes
Definition
BET, TV one (2004, by DirecTV, Radio One, Comcast)
Term
Black Press had fist black newspaper...
Definition
Freedom's journal, NYC 1827, by slavery abolitionists
Term
Black press served as
Definition
source of info, organizer, mobilizer
Term
What is telemundo?
Definition
Founded in 1954 by Ramos in Puetro Rico, owned by NBC
Term
First Spanish language TV station in US?
Definition
Univision, 1955 in SA, TX by Cortez...now owned by Perenchio, Venevision/Televisa
Term
Spanish-language press since 1990
Definition
circulation of Spanish-language tripled since 1990, ad revenue has grown more than 7x
Term
First Latino newspaper
Definition
El Misisip, New Orleans 1808, 2 yrs, English & Spanish, pro-Spain
Term
First Asian Pacific newspaper
Definition
The Golden Hills' news, San Francisco 1854 by Protestant missionaries to convert Chinese to Christianity and lower tension between Chinese and Europeans, was Bilingual (Cantonese and English)
Term
Chinese-language newspaper in 1976
Definition
World Journal, in major US and Canadian cities, Taiwanese owned, more than 250,000 readers
Term
Largest Korean-language newspaper
Definition
the Korean Times in Los Angeles
Term
ImaginAsian
Definition
East Asian/South East Asian TV/film online from NYC, 2004, English accessible to promote pan-Asian viewership
Term
Karaoke originated in
Definition
Japan, 1972
Term
Karaoke is parallel to
Definition
custom of informal amateur singing of popular songs in social settings
Term
Karaoke was seen as
Definition
reclamation of mass media music
Term
What is the contemporary Asian influence on American media
Definition
Japanese horror movies, e.g. the ring, the grudge, dark water, or Game Shows, e.g. Hole in the Wall
Term
Native American Newspapers were created to
Definition
help Natives protect lives/property from social formes
Term
Native American newspaper stories are
Definition
community centered
Term
Native American newspapers are controlled by
Definition
tribal governments
Term
The First Native American Newspaper
Definition
Cherokee Pheonix, Georgia 1828, bilingual, lasted 6 yrs
Term
Mission of the Cherokee Pheonix
Definition
protect land/spread Christianity
Term
Native-American radio mission statements generally said
Definition
preserve language, culture, promote education, literacy, provide entertainment
Term
What is Free Media?
Definition
media coverage present in public news programs available freely to political candidates
Term
Free media tends to focus on
Definition
horserace coverage, front runners, clear-cut issues
Term
Candidates tend to prefer
Definition
diffuse issues rather than clear-cut issues, which the media prefer
Term
What is Paid Media?
Definition
advertising by candidates, largest expense of campaign
Term
Does Paid Media or Free Media have more issue content?
Definition
Paid Media, according to early studies, did
Term
What is medias bias?
Definition
Giving one candidate more favorable coverage, more coverage, more accuracy, or more positivity
Term
Attack Ideas
Definition
ads that specifically mention opponent in negative light
Term
Advocacy ideas
Definition
ads that focus on sponsoring candidates specific issues/ideas
Term
Contrast idea
Definition
ads highlighting ur issues and opponents
Term
Determinants of Campaign Effectiveness
Definition
exposure & acceptance of those reached
Term
Acceptance of those reached in a campaign can be determined by
Definition
education or (Michigan Model) party, issue positions, candidate image
Term
Types of Campaign Effects
Definition
VPAT: political learning (teaching), agenda-setting (influencing politicians and media's agendas), turnout, voter choice (campaigns most effective in tight races, where one candidate is unknown)
Term
Coverage of Black Candidates/Politicians
Definition
Visibility: same, Favorability: same, Stereotypes: dishonest/immoral, dangerous/threatening, novel/different, Racialization: media injects race, emphasizes race issues in terms of voter turnout
Term
Coverage of Native Americans Candidates/Politicians
Definition
Visibility: same, Favorability: same, Racialization: not by media, only by candidates themselves
Term
Coverage of Asian-American Candidates/Politicians
Definition
Visibility: same, Favorability: same, Stereotypes: model minority, yellow peril, asexual helper, nerd, Racialization: depends on candidate, not by media
Term
Coverage of Latino Candidates/Politicians:
Definition
Look up this!
Term
Executing Hortons Ad:
Definition
racial crime ad in 1988 Presidential campaign
Term
Mendelberg study on Executing Hortons Ad showed:
Definition
Ad was about race MORe than crime, consequences were greater resistance to policies perceived as illegitimately benefiting blacks
Term
Latinos in Film stereotypes
Definition
immigrants/illegal, hot-blooded lover, gangster, entertainer
Term
Examples of latino stereotype films
Definition
Scarface, Carlito's Way, Mi Vida Loca, American Me (better but still racial stereotypes)
Term
What are the effects of stereotypes
Definition
stigma(penalizing group based on shared characteristics) & dominant gaze(ppl substitute stereotypes with what they think is true)
Term
External effects of stereotyping
Definition
jones act 1917, Kerematsu v US, Operation Wetback, Prop 187 in california
Term
Jones Act 1917
Definition
whether to include Puerto Ricans and Cubans as citizens, no
Term
Korematsu v. US
Definition
upheld Executive Order to intern Japanese Americans during WW2 even though not a security risk
Term
Operation Wetback
Definition
policy under Eisenhower to deport 1 million immigrants
Term
Prop 187
Definition
denied illegal immigrants access to immigration/health care/other social services in California, then ruled unconstitutional because they cant deal with immigrants laws - only gov can
Term
Minority response to media
Definition
access (increase diversity in employees), advocacy (more pressuring groups to challenge FCC's issuing licenses), alternatives (growth of various indigenous media)
Term
Hollywood Chinese: The Chinese in American Feature Films was about
Definition
stereotypes of Asians, whether actors can do what they want - Suzie Wong/Nancy Kwan, says Asian Americans look to stereotypes to define themselves, disadvantages compared to Asian-born, karate/geisha
Term
Eyes on the Prize, #4
Definition
Birmingham - success, government fractured and media coverage was heavy. Albany - failure, commissioner was non-violent and simply jailed everyone. JFK promises to end Jim Crow laws, dies and Johnson implements it as legacy for JFK
Term
Race: The Power of an Illusion, Episode 3
Definition
only whites/blacks were citizens, and only whites could get mortgages for houses because of risk assessments/a bit of racism, public housing for blacks, schools still segregated, no wealth/mortgage because no homes
Term
Racial images in news vs entertainment, accuracy for Blacks, Asians, Natives, Latinos?
Definition
Blacks: news covers crime/povery/race riots, similar to entertainment. successes are used to hide institutional racism. overrepresented in crime. Asians: news and entertainment have brains of operation, "model minority". Native Americans: News is ignored, media is savages or victims, justify reservations. Latinos: least represented in news according to population, share stereotypes with minorities. under-represented in crime. Whites: under-represented in crime.
Term
Do journalists intentionally perpetuate racial stereotypes?
Definition
No, choose what to cover based on demog, personal/prof values. Coverage of minorites shaped by what/how much is covered, who interview, framing, interpretation of journalist
Term
Why would an interest group create a media strategy (3)?
Definition
media strategyies (1) help them mobilize, (2) help gain elite support, which ultimately will (3) lead to policy solutions.
Term
When do interest groups succeed in having their voices heard? What obstacles do they face?
Definition
media strategies are a resource giving power over media if it is good. mobilize public/elite support.
Term
When Will Interest Groups be Successful?
Definition
(1) groups must get covered. (2) groups must get favorable/sympathetic coverage.
Term
The biggest obstacle is the interest group’s
Definition
level of power relative to the media outlet.
Term
Media coverage can both help or hinder interest group’s cause?
Definition
both!
Term
All news is not
Definition
good news
Term
All media coverage is not
Definition
created equal
Term
Media coverage is a battle of
Definition
frames
Term
What is the Media-Interest Group Link?
Definition
Interest groups struggle to have their perspectives transmitted, which is often out of their hands
Term
If an interest group appears as violent...
Definition
it will undermine their goals. Ex: PETA goes so far in some of their tactics that they lose control of the message they’re trying to portray
Term
Does minority ownership lead to better/different minority representation?
Definition
Yes. Minority owned Media provides a more positive accurate depiction of racial ethnic groups.
Term
How do indigenous media differ from mainstream media?
Definition
Mainstream media preserves the status quo of the majority while Indigenous media advocates protest. It targets groups through messages, featured minority ctors, regional focus, language
Term
Why has the number of indigenous media outlets been increasing?
Definition
Created from a lack of coverage of racial/ethnic groups by mainstream media.
Term
Minorities are unsatisfied with
Definition
their inaccurate portrayal in the mainstream media and Indigenous media.
Term
Indigenous media provides a steady source of
Definition
intergroup communication, pride, and consciousness.
Term
Why has media coverage of candidates become more negative?
Definition
Press driven by journalistic or business values rather than political values. Decrease coverage of policy issues, increased coverage of the horserace, increased reliance on interpretive campaign stories rather than descriptive campaign stories. Also use of sound bite news and an emergence of a candidate-centered campaign.
Term
What role do racial attitudes play in support for crime, immigration, welfare spending, and evaluations of presidential candidates? How do the media moderate the relationship between racial attitudes and support for public policies and candidates?
Definition
Attitudes about welfare, immigration, crime are racially influenced/motivated
Term
Summary of Welfare (Gilens 1999)
Definition
Opposition to welfare stems from stereotypical attitudes about Blacks, and negative attitudes about welfare recipients
Term
Summary of Immigration (Burns and Gimpel 2000)
Definition
Attitudes about immigration are highly contingent on stereotypical beliefs. While economic self-interest is significant, it is not as strong of an indicator as stereotypical beliefs
Term
Summary of Horton Ad (Mendelberg 1997)
Definition
The Horton appeal was about race rather than crime, mobilized whites’ racial attitudes, not attitudes about crime, consequences were greater resistance to policies perceived as illegitimately benefiting blacks.
Term
Summary of Candidates
Definition
No evidence to suggest that media favor white, Candidates and politicians over minority candidates/politicians, Tone and amount of coverage contingent on the same factors for all candidates, Media do inject race into coverage, even when race is not emphasized by candidate/politician Injection of race can have negative consequences for candidates
Term
spreading activation
Definition
the ability of the media to prime similarly linked mental constructs
Term
the world journal
Definition
chinese-language newspaper
Term
newsworthy
Definition
journalists' assessment of what stories are most important/necessary to report
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