Term
| Black images in Advertising |
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Definition
| stereotypes targeted in CRM, led to more black model and less offensive stereotypical images |
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Term
| Latino images in Advertising |
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Definition
| negative stereotypes of blacks went to latinos, latino protests made advertisers more conscious |
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Term
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Definition
| stated that the media transferred negative stereotypes of blacks to latinos, by Rayes and Ramdon, 1970 |
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Term
| Native American images in Advertising |
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Definition
| image of natives almost invisible, except with cars/trucks/sports, Native American protests don't work |
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Term
| Asian Americans in advertising |
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Definition
| Especially Japanese people portrayed as crafty/concise, growth of Asian community made them an advertising market |
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Term
| Asians likely to be depicted as |
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Definition
| science/tech, business/science |
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Term
| Asians not likely to be depicted as |
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Definition
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Term
| Why integration in advertising? |
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Definition
| political-CRM, economic-minority population growing |
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Term
| Mass audience advertising reached all-time high in |
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Definition
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Term
| Commercials or TV more integrated in 1970s? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did integration affect sales/image of the product? |
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Definition
| Did not adversely affect, white consumers did not respond negatively except for skin color? |
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Term
| What is target marketing? |
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Definition
| The process of trying to make a particular product appeal to a narrowly defined group, like demographics, geographics, psychographics |
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Term
| What was the Executive Order Establishing Multicultural Guidelines? |
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Definition
| Commited to identify/use growth opportunities in mulicultural markets, promote inclusiveness/fairness in ads, require accountability/measurable results |
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Term
| Two contemporary issues in ads |
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Definition
| Skin tone (light-skinned blacks, dark skinned is negative) & target marketing of "harmful" products (blacks/latinos for liquor, beer, cigarettes) |
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Term
| 3 Critical Elements of News |
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Definition
| Timeliness, Community Interest, Significance |
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Term
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Definition
| Critical news element, conveys info en mass when learned, media may not have time to research, may be a little false |
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Term
| What is community interest? |
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Definition
| Critical news element, appeals to community curiosity, human interest stories, expose', hero stories |
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Term
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Definition
| Critical news element, events have bearing on life, "close to home", concrete events |
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Term
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Definition
| news that focuses on personalities that audience have emotional connection to |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on crises, personalities, scandals. |
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Term
| Dramatized news has what parts? |
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Definition
| Convenient beginning, interesting middle, satisfying end |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with chronic issues that have reached exceptional level/associated with crisis, e.g. economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Finding someone to blame when something goes wrong. News drama crisis is developed, reporters place official at plot center as uncaring, scheming politician failing to restore order |
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Term
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Definition
| US events, internally local, state, federal, with protests, riots, victims of crime/strikes/nat. disaster, interesting pictures |
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Term
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Definition
| most countries focus on more international news than US, external political matters, events in other countries and US relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Eight values in media coverage of politics |
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Definition
| snearism: social order, national leadership, ethnocentrism, altriusm democracy, responsible capitalism, individualism, small-town pastoralism, moderatism |
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Term
| Unconcentrated media ownership causes |
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Definition
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Term
| Concentrated media ownership causes |
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Definition
| news monopolies (single owner), concentration of ownership (news oligopoly), cross-media ownership (more than one industry) |
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Term
| Concentrated media ownership causes the news to be |
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Definition
| market-driver/reader-oriented, ratings and profitability, less journalist-driven |
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Term
| How do journalists make their decisions? |
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Definition
| based on their demographics, personal values, professional values |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are personal values? |
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Definition
| Party identification, ideology |
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Term
| What are professional values? |
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Definition
| Proper role of media, objectivity |
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Term
| Minority coverage is determined by |
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Definition
| what/how much is covered, who is interview/which quotes, interpretation of journalists, evaluative words, framing |
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Term
| News stereotypes of blacks |
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Definition
| crime coverage of black males, or poverty stories |
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Term
| LA Riot 1992 is an example of |
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Definition
| black news stereotype, Rodney King, police not found guilty for bating Rodney King even with taped evidence |
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Term
| News stereotypes of Native Americans |
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Definition
| absent from news, stereotypes used to justify gov response to "Indian Problem", good indian vs bad indian in the 1800s |
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Term
| Childlike/vulnerable vs uncivilized savages are examples of |
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Definition
| native american news stereotypes in 1800s |
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Term
| News stereotypes of Hispanics |
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Definition
| immigrant stereotypes (mostly Mexico), criminal and dangerous stereotypes (el bandito) |
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Term
| News stereotypes of Asian Americans |
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Definition
| Asian American gangs, evil manipulative foreigner, ridiculous/irrelevant stereotypes, model minority stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| frames problem behavior committed by ethnic people within the group as a cause for intergroup conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy viewers of television come to believe that the real world is like TV |
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Term
| Stereotype theories of social cognition |
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Definition
| stereotypes may be formed by consistently seeing out-of-group members in stereotypical roles on TV for long period of time |
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Term
| Structural limitations perspective |
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Definition
| says news-gathering process has an effect on the way that messages are framed |
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Term
| What is spreading activation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a transactional analysis? |
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Definition
| Says that the level of power of an interest group relative to media outlet is key to understanding success of interest group |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. media's centrality to conflict depends on level of power of interest group, 2. lower interest group resources means high media influence on them, 3. high interest group resources/newsworthiness means high influence on media, 4. high interest group power (social/political status) means high media influence on them, 5. influence on media depends on newsworthiness relative, 6. influence on media depends on level of event/info control, 7. media influence on group depends on group's political goals |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to structure a policy debate |
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Term
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Definition
| media's tendency to seek balance by emphasizing conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| visual/verbal cues that serve as info source |
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Term
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Definition
| overarching group labels used to describe cause (green party, tea party) |
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Term
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Definition
| sources Citations and source descriptors used at expense of other players and adjectives journalists use to describe these sources |
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Term
| Additional obstacles faced by social movements' media strategy |
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Definition
| Seek to disrupt the status quo, goals at odds with media's goals, coverage demonizes/marginalizes/delegitimizes the groups and its actions |
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Term
| Media coverage of CRM were |
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Definition
| over-generalized, oversimplified, varied over time/media/outlet/setting, newspaper has less background than TV, coverage impacted overstated |
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Term
| Media coverage of American Indian Movement |
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Definition
| used as strategy to incorporate conflict/novelty, gained coverage, lost control how they were framed (Alcatraz) |
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Term
| Media coverage of Chicano Movement |
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Definition
| difficult to say anything about this, coverage parallel to CRM, not as extensive |
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Term
| Media coverage of Asian-American movement |
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Definition
| no anaylsis done yet, parallel press played key role role in movement |
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Term
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Definition
| media targeted toward particular racial/ethnic group, through cultural messages, actors, specific regions, language |
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Term
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Definition
| Motown, from motor city, Detroit, Michigan, had Jackson 5 and boyz2men |
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Term
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Definition
| orchestration, string sections, charted horn section, carefully arranged harmonies |
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Term
| Motown, behind the scenes, had |
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Definition
| artist development to ensure appeal to whites/others, production process, house writers (Smokey Robinson) |
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Term
| Only Asian song in top 40 in last 40 years |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Black television includes |
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Definition
| BET, TV one (2004, by DirecTV, Radio One, Comcast) |
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Term
| Black Press had fist black newspaper... |
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Definition
| Freedom's journal, NYC 1827, by slavery abolitionists |
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Term
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Definition
| source of info, organizer, mobilizer |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded in 1954 by Ramos in Puetro Rico, owned by NBC |
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Term
| First Spanish language TV station in US? |
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Definition
| Univision, 1955 in SA, TX by Cortez...now owned by Perenchio, Venevision/Televisa |
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Term
| Spanish-language press since 1990 |
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Definition
| circulation of Spanish-language tripled since 1990, ad revenue has grown more than 7x |
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Term
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Definition
| El Misisip, New Orleans 1808, 2 yrs, English & Spanish, pro-Spain |
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Term
| First Asian Pacific newspaper |
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Definition
| The Golden Hills' news, San Francisco 1854 by Protestant missionaries to convert Chinese to Christianity and lower tension between Chinese and Europeans, was Bilingual (Cantonese and English) |
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Term
| Chinese-language newspaper in 1976 |
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Definition
| World Journal, in major US and Canadian cities, Taiwanese owned, more than 250,000 readers |
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Term
| Largest Korean-language newspaper |
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Definition
| the Korean Times in Los Angeles |
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Term
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Definition
| East Asian/South East Asian TV/film online from NYC, 2004, English accessible to promote pan-Asian viewership |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| custom of informal amateur singing of popular songs in social settings |
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Term
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Definition
| reclamation of mass media music |
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Term
| What is the contemporary Asian influence on American media |
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Definition
| Japanese horror movies, e.g. the ring, the grudge, dark water, or Game Shows, e.g. Hole in the Wall |
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Term
| Native American Newspapers were created to |
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Definition
| help Natives protect lives/property from social formes |
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Term
| Native American newspaper stories are |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Native American newspapers are controlled by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The First Native American Newspaper |
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Definition
| Cherokee Pheonix, Georgia 1828, bilingual, lasted 6 yrs |
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Term
| Mission of the Cherokee Pheonix |
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Definition
| protect land/spread Christianity |
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Term
| Native-American radio mission statements generally said |
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Definition
| preserve language, culture, promote education, literacy, provide entertainment |
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Term
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Definition
| media coverage present in public news programs available freely to political candidates |
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Term
| Free media tends to focus on |
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Definition
| horserace coverage, front runners, clear-cut issues |
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Term
| Candidates tend to prefer |
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Definition
| diffuse issues rather than clear-cut issues, which the media prefer |
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Term
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Definition
| advertising by candidates, largest expense of campaign |
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Term
| Does Paid Media or Free Media have more issue content? |
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Definition
| Paid Media, according to early studies, did |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving one candidate more favorable coverage, more coverage, more accuracy, or more positivity |
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Term
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Definition
| ads that specifically mention opponent in negative light |
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Term
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Definition
| ads that focus on sponsoring candidates specific issues/ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| ads highlighting ur issues and opponents |
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Term
| Determinants of Campaign Effectiveness |
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Definition
| exposure & acceptance of those reached |
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Term
| Acceptance of those reached in a campaign can be determined by |
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Definition
| education or (Michigan Model) party, issue positions, candidate image |
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Term
| Types of Campaign Effects |
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Definition
| VPAT: political learning (teaching), agenda-setting (influencing politicians and media's agendas), turnout, voter choice (campaigns most effective in tight races, where one candidate is unknown) |
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Term
| Coverage of Black Candidates/Politicians |
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Definition
| Visibility: same, Favorability: same, Stereotypes: dishonest/immoral, dangerous/threatening, novel/different, Racialization: media injects race, emphasizes race issues in terms of voter turnout |
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Term
| Coverage of Native Americans Candidates/Politicians |
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Definition
| Visibility: same, Favorability: same, Racialization: not by media, only by candidates themselves |
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Term
| Coverage of Asian-American Candidates/Politicians |
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Definition
| Visibility: same, Favorability: same, Stereotypes: model minority, yellow peril, asexual helper, nerd, Racialization: depends on candidate, not by media |
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Term
| Coverage of Latino Candidates/Politicians: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| racial crime ad in 1988 Presidential campaign |
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Term
| Mendelberg study on Executing Hortons Ad showed: |
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Definition
| Ad was about race MORe than crime, consequences were greater resistance to policies perceived as illegitimately benefiting blacks |
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Term
| Latinos in Film stereotypes |
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Definition
| immigrants/illegal, hot-blooded lover, gangster, entertainer |
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Term
| Examples of latino stereotype films |
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Definition
| Scarface, Carlito's Way, Mi Vida Loca, American Me (better but still racial stereotypes) |
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Term
| What are the effects of stereotypes |
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Definition
| stigma(penalizing group based on shared characteristics) & dominant gaze(ppl substitute stereotypes with what they think is true) |
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Term
| External effects of stereotyping |
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Definition
| jones act 1917, Kerematsu v US, Operation Wetback, Prop 187 in california |
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Term
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Definition
| whether to include Puerto Ricans and Cubans as citizens, no |
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Term
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Definition
| upheld Executive Order to intern Japanese Americans during WW2 even though not a security risk |
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Term
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Definition
| policy under Eisenhower to deport 1 million immigrants |
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Term
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Definition
| denied illegal immigrants access to immigration/health care/other social services in California, then ruled unconstitutional because they cant deal with immigrants laws - only gov can |
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Term
| Minority response to media |
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Definition
| access (increase diversity in employees), advocacy (more pressuring groups to challenge FCC's issuing licenses), alternatives (growth of various indigenous media) |
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Term
| Hollywood Chinese: The Chinese in American Feature Films was about |
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Definition
| stereotypes of Asians, whether actors can do what they want - Suzie Wong/Nancy Kwan, says Asian Americans look to stereotypes to define themselves, disadvantages compared to Asian-born, karate/geisha |
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Term
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Definition
| Birmingham - success, government fractured and media coverage was heavy. Albany - failure, commissioner was non-violent and simply jailed everyone. JFK promises to end Jim Crow laws, dies and Johnson implements it as legacy for JFK |
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Term
| Race: The Power of an Illusion, Episode 3 |
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Definition
| only whites/blacks were citizens, and only whites could get mortgages for houses because of risk assessments/a bit of racism, public housing for blacks, schools still segregated, no wealth/mortgage because no homes |
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Term
| Racial images in news vs entertainment, accuracy for Blacks, Asians, Natives, Latinos? |
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Definition
| Blacks: news covers crime/povery/race riots, similar to entertainment. successes are used to hide institutional racism. overrepresented in crime. Asians: news and entertainment have brains of operation, "model minority". Native Americans: News is ignored, media is savages or victims, justify reservations. Latinos: least represented in news according to population, share stereotypes with minorities. under-represented in crime. Whites: under-represented in crime. |
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Term
| Do journalists intentionally perpetuate racial stereotypes? |
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Definition
| No, choose what to cover based on demog, personal/prof values. Coverage of minorites shaped by what/how much is covered, who interview, framing, interpretation of journalist |
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Term
| Why would an interest group create a media strategy (3)? |
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Definition
| media strategyies (1) help them mobilize, (2) help gain elite support, which ultimately will (3) lead to policy solutions. |
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Term
| When do interest groups succeed in having their voices heard? What obstacles do they face? |
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Definition
| media strategies are a resource giving power over media if it is good. mobilize public/elite support. |
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Term
| When Will Interest Groups be Successful? |
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Definition
| (1) groups must get covered. (2) groups must get favorable/sympathetic coverage. |
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Term
| The biggest obstacle is the interest groups |
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Definition
| level of power relative to the media outlet. |
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Term
| Media coverage can both help or hinder interest groups cause? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| All media coverage is not |
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Definition
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Term
| Media coverage is a battle of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the Media-Interest Group Link? |
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Definition
| Interest groups struggle to have their perspectives transmitted, which is often out of their hands |
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Term
| If an interest group appears as violent... |
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Definition
| it will undermine their goals. Ex: PETA goes so far in some of their tactics that they lose control of the message theyre trying to portray |
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Term
| Does minority ownership lead to better/different minority representation? |
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Definition
| Yes. Minority owned Media provides a more positive accurate depiction of racial ethnic groups. |
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Term
| How do indigenous media differ from mainstream media? |
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Definition
| Mainstream media preserves the status quo of the majority while Indigenous media advocates protest. It targets groups through messages, featured minority ctors, regional focus, language |
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Term
| Why has the number of indigenous media outlets been increasing? |
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Definition
| Created from a lack of coverage of racial/ethnic groups by mainstream media. |
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Term
| Minorities are unsatisfied with |
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Definition
| their inaccurate portrayal in the mainstream media and Indigenous media. |
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Term
| Indigenous media provides a steady source of |
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Definition
| intergroup communication, pride, and consciousness. |
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Term
| Why has media coverage of candidates become more negative? |
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Definition
| Press driven by journalistic or business values rather than political values. Decrease coverage of policy issues, increased coverage of the horserace, increased reliance on interpretive campaign stories rather than descriptive campaign stories. Also use of sound bite news and an emergence of a candidate-centered campaign. |
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Term
| What role do racial attitudes play in support for crime, immigration, welfare spending, and evaluations of presidential candidates? How do the media moderate the relationship between racial attitudes and support for public policies and candidates? |
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Definition
| Attitudes about welfare, immigration, crime are racially influenced/motivated |
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Term
| Summary of Welfare (Gilens 1999) |
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Definition
| Opposition to welfare stems from stereotypical attitudes about Blacks, and negative attitudes about welfare recipients |
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Term
| Summary of Immigration (Burns and Gimpel 2000) |
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Definition
| Attitudes about immigration are highly contingent on stereotypical beliefs. While economic self-interest is significant, it is not as strong of an indicator as stereotypical beliefs |
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Term
| Summary of Horton Ad (Mendelberg 1997) |
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Definition
| The Horton appeal was about race rather than crime, mobilized whites racial attitudes, not attitudes about crime, consequences were greater resistance to policies perceived as illegitimately benefiting blacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| No evidence to suggest that media favor white, Candidates and politicians over minority candidates/politicians, Tone and amount of coverage contingent on the same factors for all candidates, Media do inject race into coverage, even when race is not emphasized by candidate/politician Injection of race can have negative consequences for candidates |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the media to prime similarly linked mental constructs |
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Term
|
Definition
| chinese-language newspaper |
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Term
|
Definition
| journalists' assessment of what stories are most important/necessary to report |
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