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Gov AP Study Cards
Everything I feel like i need to review for the AP Test
111
Political Studies
12th Grade
04/29/2008

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Marshall Court (1801-1835)
Definition

Marbury v. Madison (Judicial Review)

McCulloch v. Maryland (Elastic Clause)

Established power and prestige of court, strong central government, protected private property rights

Term

Taney Court (1836-1864)

 

Definition

Dred Scott Decision

 

Term

The Warren Court (1953-1969)

Definition

Landmark decisions in civil rights and liberties (Brown v. Board, Miranda, Griswold, Mapp, Tinker)

 

Rights of the Accused

Term
The Burger Court (1969-1986)
Definition

Largely Republican with Liberal Decisions

Roe v. Wade, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg, US v. Nixon

Term

Fiscal Federalism

Definition

Funding the states recieve from the federal government in the form of grants and revenue sharing.

Term

Grants-in-Aid

Definition
Programs which give federal aid to states
Term
Categorical Grants
Definition
A grant for a specific purpose defines by federal law. They usually require states to match the funding.
Term
Revenue Sharing
Definition

Gave states federal dollars and did not specify any purpose for the money

 

Revenue sharing was ended in 1986 and no longer exists

Term

Conditions of Aid

Definition
Requirements which states must meet if they are to recieve federal money
Term
Mandates
Definition
Flat-out requirements with which the states must comply
Term
Devolution
Definition
Process of turning more control over federal programs like welfate to the states
Term
Judiciary Act of 1789
Definition
Established todays federal court system
Term
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
Definition
  • Authorized president to imprison any anlien from an enemy nation or any alien considered dangerous
  • Crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writings" against government

 

 

Term
Pendleton Act, 1883
Definition
Set up Civil Service Commission to full government jobs based on merit rather than patronage
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1871
Definition
Protected Sountern Blacks from the KKK by providing a civil remedy for abuse
Term
Social Security Act of 1935
Definition

Provides old age benefits for retirees, diability, and survivor benefits for spouses and children

 

Creates Aid to Families with Dependent Children which was the welfare system until 1996

Term
Hatch Act 1939
Definition
Prohibits civil service employees from engaging in political actuvities.
Term
Aministrative Procedure Act, 1946
Definition
Established procedures fro federal agencies to issue regulations (public notice, public comment period, public hearings)
Term
Presidential Succession Act of 1947
Definition
Designated order of succession should a president die in office or resign  (VP, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tem of Senate, Sec. of State...)
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Definition
Aimed to uncrease the number of blacks who were allowed to vote in southern states but it was no weakly enforced that nothing changed.
Term
Equal Pay Acts of 1963
Definition
Prohibits unequal pay for men and women for the same job
Term
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Definition

Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations

 

Upheld by Supreme Court under the Commerce Clause

Term
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Definition
Allowed federal government to enforce voting rights in states which had a history of voting discrimination
Term
Freedom of Information Act, 1966
Definition
Provides a system for the public to obtain gov records, as long as they do not invade individuals' privacy, reveal trade secrets, or endanger military security
Term

Federal Fair Housing Act of 1968

aka

Civil Rights Act of 1968 Title VIII

Definition

Prohibits discrimination against any person because of race, clor, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin in sale, rental, leasing, finance, and advertising of housing

Term
National Environmental Policy Act, 1969
Definition

Requires an Environmental Impact Statement be produces before a major government project is undertaken

Term
Clean Air Act, 1970
Definition
Established new standards for ambient air quality
Term
Higher Education Act of 1972 (Title IX)
Definition

Prohibits gender discrimination in educational activities at an institution recieving federal funds

Term
Endangered Species Act, 1973
Definition
Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction
Term
War Powers Resolution, 1973
Definition
  • President must notify Congress within 48 hours of troop deployment
  • If Congress does not approve after 60, troops must be withdrawn within 30 days
Term
Budget Reform and Impoundment Act, 1974
Definition

Requires both houses of Congress to approve president's decision not to spend funds as appropriated

 

Unifies congressional budget process with goal of restraining spending

Term

Federal Election Campaign Act, 1971 (amended 1974)

Definition

Created Federal Elections Commission (FEC) (1975)

 

Created system of public funding for presidential campaigns

Term
Privacy Act, 1974
Definition
Government agencies may not disclose any record to any person, or to another agency, except after written request by, or with the prior written consent of, the individual to who the record pertains
Term

Individuals with Disablities Education Act, 1974

(IDEA)

Definition
Requires that a free appropriate public education be provided for all students, regardless of disabilities
Term
Ethics in Government Act, 1978
Definition

Set requirements for financial disclosure for elected public officials

 

Placed restrictions on former government officials' lobbying activities

Term
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, 1985
Definition

Provided for automatic across-the-board spending cuts to take effect if the president and Congress failed to reach establishe targets

 

Failed to result in reduction because leagers found ways around the requirments of the law.

Term

Tax Reform Act of 1986

Definition
Lowered tax rates and reduced loopholes
Term
Americans with Disabiliteis Act, 1990
Definition
Prohibits discrimination against disabled people in employment, public accomodations, and housing
Term
Motor Voter Registration Act of 1993
Definition
Requires states to allow citizens to register to vote when they apply for a driver's license
Term
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
Definition
Requires employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for personal illness, family illness, or the addition of a child to the family
Term
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1994
Definition
Provides for the removal of trade barriers between US, Canada, and Mexico
Term
Welfare Reform Act of 1996
Definition

Replacement of AFDC with the Temorary Assistance for Needy Families

 

2 year limit and 5 year lifetime limit that federal money can be used to provide benefits

Term
PATRIOT Act, 2001
Definition
Expands the authority of the US law enforcement for the stated purpose of fighting terrorist acts in the US and abroad
Term
No Child Left Behind Act, 2002
Definition

Major expansion of federal role in public education

 

Designed to close gaps between students

Term

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

(BCRA or McCain-Feingold)

Definition
Banned the use of "soft money"
Term
Dept of Agriculture (1889)
Definition

Policy on farming, agriculture, and food

 

Term
Dept of Commerce
Definition
Promotes economic growth and job creation; gathers economic and demographic data for business and government decision making; issues patents and trademarks frough US Patent and Trademark Office
Term
Dept of Defense
Definition

Coordinates and supervises all functions of government elating t national security and military defense

Term
Dept of Education
Definition

Smallest cabinet-level dept

 

Devises and executes educational policy on federal level; manages federal student aid programs

Term
Dept of Energy
Definition

Polivy on energy and nuclear safety

Term
Dept of Health and Human Services
Definition
Protects health of people in US and provides essential human services (CDC, FDA)
Term
Dept of Homeland Security
Definition
Responsible for protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters
Term

Dept of Housing and Urban Development

Definition
Policy on housing and cities
Term
Dept of the Interior
Definition
Manages and conserves most federally owned lands
Term
Dept of Justice
Definition
Enforces federal laws and defens intersts in US government; ensures fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans
Term
Dept of Labor
Definition
Responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance, and economic statistics
Term
Dept of State
Definition
Operation of US diplomacy (ambassadors, embassies, consutates in foreign countries
Term

Dept of Transportation

Definition

Policy on transportation

Term

Dept of the Treasury

Definition

Prints and mints all paper currency and coins

 

Collects federal taxes

 

Advises President on financial issues

 

Enforces tax evasion, counterfeiting, smuggling, and gun law violations

Term
Dept of Veterans Affairs
Definition
Administers policy on veterans benefits for veterans, their families, and their survivors
Term
Progressive Tax
Definition
a tax for which the amount of an individual’s taxes rises as a proportion of income as the person’s income increases
Term
Regressive Tax
Definition
a tax for which the amount of an individual’s taxes falls as a proportion of income as the person’s income increases
Term
Wall of Separation
Definition
Separation between Church and state
Term

Commerce Clause

Definition

Power to control interstate commerce

Term
Elastic Clause
Definition
Congress can do what is necessary and proper to carry out enumerated powers
Term
Bill of Attainder
Definition
legislative act declaring that a person is guilty of a crime and setting punishment without the benefit of a formal trial
Term
Full Faith and Credit
Definition
Documents and ruling in other states are valid in all states
Term
Privileges and Immunities
Definition

One state can not discriminate againsts citizens of another state

Term
Purpose of Filibusters
Definition
Protect minority rights
Term
How to Do a Cloture
Definition

16 Petition

Have to wait 48 hours

60 need to vote for cloture

Term
Reapportionment
Definition
Electoral college votes redistriduted among states based on census
Term
Redistricting
Definition
The redrawing of boundaries for districts
Term
Party Machine
Definition
Local party organization that is tightly disciplined and well staffed and relies on patronage to create party loyalty
Term
Indeptendent Agency
Definition
an agency of the United States government that is created by an act of Congress and is independent of the executive departments
Term

Regulatory Agency

Definition
The agency or government department that has responsibility over the legislation (acts and regulations) for a given sector of the government.
Term
Which department prints money?
Definition

Dept of Treasury

Term
Civil Liberties
Definition
Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarentees against arbitrary interference by government
Term
Pluralism
Definition
The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in government, resulting in healthy democratic compromise and balance
Term
Efficacy
Definition
The amount in which an individual feels that their vote counts
Term
Fiscal Policy
Definition
Taxing and Spending
Term
Federalist 10
Definition

Factions

 

 

Term
Federalist 51
Definition

Separation of Powers

 

Checks and Balances

Term
Federalist 78
Definition
Judiciary
Term
Delegated Powers
Definition

Powers delegated to the President from Congress

 

(example: role as chief diplomat)

Term
Function of the White House Staff
Definition
Advise the President
Term
Iron Triangle
Definition
policy-making relationship between the legislature, the bureaucracy (sometimes called "Government Agencies"), and interest groups.
Term
Recall
Definition
Getting rid of a governor
Term

Initiative

Definition

Petition to get Something on a ballot

Term
Referendum
Definition
Done by legislation to determine whether citizens support an action by their state legislatures
Term

Rules Committee

Definition
Sets conditions for debate and amendment of most legislation
Term
Cooperative Federalism
Definition

national intervention

FDR and New Deal

Focus on the individual

Social Security Act

Brown v. Board, Baker v. Carr, Mapp v. Ohio

Term

New Federalism

Definition
  • Reagan and the Cold War
  • Large Tax Cuts and Increased Spending
  • Tax Reform Act, Am. w/ Disabilities Act (unfunded)
  • More state spending and less federal

 

Term
Devolution Federalism
Definition
  • More Control to the states
  • Motor Voter Act, Family and Med. Leave Act, NAFTA, Unfunded Mandate Act
  • US v. Lopez, Printz v. US, US v. Morisson

 

Term
Dual Federalism
Definition
  • Minimal gov intervention with the economy
  • National government only uses enumerated powers
  • Dred Scott v. Sanford, Plessy v. Ferguson, Weeks v. US, Schenk v. US
  • Civil War and WWI
Term
What is the largest portion of "uncontrollable spending" in the federal budget?
Definition
Entitlement programs
Term
Police Powers
Definition
those powers extended from states to municipal governments therein with which to regulate health, safety, morals and welfare matters within their jurisdiction
Term
Influence Peddling
Definition

When retired government officials exploit their friendships with current government officials to achiece a political goal

Term
In the majority of cases, federal programs are implemented by...
Definition
stat and loval governments, by means of federal funding
Term
What defines the salience of an issue?
Definition
The importance of the issue to a particular individual or group
Term
WWI
Definition
1914 to 1918
Term
WWII
Definition

Late 1930s to 1945

Term
Cold War
Definition
mid-1940s until the early 1990s
Term
Civil War
Definition
1861–1865
Term
Vietnam War
Definition
1959 to April 30, 1975
Term
Barron v. Baltimore
Definition
limitations on government articulated in the Fifth Amendment were specifically intended to limit the powers of the national government
Term
Reynolds v. US
Definition
religious duty was not a suitable defense to a criminal indictment
Term
Palko v. Connecticut
Definition
Protection against double jeopardy was not a fundamental right
Term

Bush v. Vera

Definition
Texas redistricting plans were unconstitutional. Supporting its "strict scrutiny" approach, the Court noted that the proposed districts were highly irregular in shape
Term
Gratz v. Bollinger
Definition
University of Michigan's use of racial preferences in undergraduate admissions violates both the Equal Protection Clause and Title VI
Term
Grutter v. Bollinger
Definition
Equal Protection Clause does not prohibit the Law School's narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions to further a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body
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