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| Proposed explanation, can be right or wrong, can have predicitve power, seek to explain what shapes policies and actions |
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| International relations are anarchic (no world government), force is used frequently, conflicts settled with force, security above all else. Zero-sum environment (your win= my loss). Nations are the key actors |
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| Unitary (President is crucial), rational, self interested, balancers |
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| Realist theory in US/LA relations |
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| LA just pawns in more powerful countries struggle for dominance. US joined fight for control after 19th century, and US & soviet union fought for control after WWII |
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| Economic interests are paramount, the core (developed) exploit the periphery (developing), zero-sum environment |
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| When a country forms a colony. Example is extracting resources and sending back to the homeland |
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| One country lends another money and then charges interest |
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| Multinational Corporation dependence |
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| When a core country goes to a peripheral country, extracts their resources, and sends them back to the core |
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| Dependence theory in US/LA relations |
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| Business interests are what control central governments. LA elites form alliances with US intersts and will identify with the Core. Result is LA countries are controlled by foreign interests |
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| Economic relations are positive-sum (nations benefit from trade). International insititutions such as the UN are respected and help shape relations between nations, so the international system isn't anarchic. Democracies view each other as legitimate and do not fight against each other |
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| Ideas matter in world politics, nations don't just want to increase their own power. This is motivated by ideals and ideas, such as religion, human rights, etc. Believe non government organizations push and shape ideas and debates. |
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| Evaluation of Realist Theory |
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Definition
| Most effective during cold war, when US was concerned with Cuban/Soviet expansion. Europeans wanted power in LA and US wanted to push them out of LA |
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| Evaluation of dependence theory |
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| Most effective pre-1940 (cold war), core military interventions in periphery, US gov't and companies controlled LA countries |
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| Evaluation of Liberalism & idealism |
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| Post cold war. Said lots of issues matter, not just economy & security. Trade is mutually beneficial, cooperation is frequent, governments seek to resolve issues, and there are a variety of actors |
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| US actors in LA Policy making |
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Definition
| President, congress, big business, non profit organizations, media, LA countries, public opinion |
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| Issues in US Policy toward LA |
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Definition
| National security, economic, environmental, immigration, narcotics and legal issues, democracy and human rights, cultural issues |
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| President's Treaty making powers |
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| Must be ratified by 2/3rd senate's vote; POTUS may use executive agreements to bypass congress and use fast-track rules to reduce congress' interference |
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| President's military powers |
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| War powers resolutions says POTUS must report to Congress within 48 hours if he sends troops outside of US, and must terminate use of force within 60 days unless congress approves it. Most view it as unconstitutional and rarely invoke it. Congress can restrict budget to block foreign military endeavors |
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| Keys to successful Foreign Policy |
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Definition
| Adopt an effective leadership style (they don't all work for everybody), arbitrate internal disputes, don't rely on "yes men", avoid policy paralysis, limit the number of people in process, prevent leaks to the press, consider domestic political impact, and question conventional views |
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| quick decision making and sorting through conflicting advice |
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| Obstacles to Good foreign policy |
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| Bureaucratic opposition, bureaucratic incompetence, absence of resources, opposition from foreign governments, opposition from NGO's, corruption, lack of infrastructure, lack of trained personnel |
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| Large, slow, and bureaucratic. There's tension between political appointees and foreign service officers. |
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| Chosen by president to work for him, often because he tries to reward people who contribute to campaign or because they support his ideologies. During cold war, they accused foreign service officers of being soft on communism |
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| People that are trained in foreign policy. Often feel tension when someone less qualified is appointed |
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| National Security Council |
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Definition
| Much smaller than state department & less bureaucratic. Can respond quicker to foreign policy crises than state dept. Is very influential and National Security Advisor often has close ties with POTUS. Often tense relations with state department |
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| Controls information, and through analysis can sometimes lead to influencing policy. Manages covert operations. If US wants to overthrow or assissinate a leader, they're on it. During Cold War, main goal was to strengthen anti-Communist unions. Now, less active in LA and more active in Middle East |
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| Most Americans & even congress didn't know what CIA was doing. During 1970's there was a Congressional investigation on CIA activity. Hughes-Ryan amendment, President Ford sent out executive report on intillegence. CIA resisted and argued that these controls would make it hard to compete with KGB. 1980's Reagan brought back CIA power in fight against Communism. They founded the contras in Nicaragua (caused backlash when public found out). HW Bush and Clinton Restrained it again. 9/11 happened and it gained power again, involved in assassination and torture) |
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| Requires the President to notify legislature when there was a covert operation underway. |
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| Responsible for military missions, arms sales, military bases (troops stationed throughout the world, including Guantanamo bay), and training |
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| Run by the defense department, located in Panama Canal zone. Brought military officials from LA to be trained by US military. Controversial because they would go back home and use nmew kniowledge for human rights violations and miliatary couves. The training manual actually encouraged this behavior. Now it is reformed and in Georgia known as Western Hemisphere Instititute for Security cooperation |
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| Role of Congress in Foreign Policy |
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Definition
| Enacting treaties, declare war, confirming ambassadors, aproving arms sales, setting budget, congressional investigations, numerous foreign policy debates (with POTUS, and POTUS usually won) |
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| Business lobby on foreign policy |
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Definition
| Businesses persuade gov't to invade certain countries due to own interests. Includes Council of Americas, Association of American chambers of commerce, and lots of individual corporations who carry out their own lobbying. |
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| founded in 1965 by david rockefeller & brings together the major corporations with economic investments in Latin America |
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| Association of American Chambers of Commerce |
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Definition
| 23 chambers located in HQ's of major capitals in Latin America. Represents both major and small corporations |
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Definition
| Don't like imports b/c they take away American jobs, sot supportive of free trade, don't want US corps moving in to LA, end to be against immigration for fear immigrants will take away American jobs |
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| Other non governmental organizations |
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Definition
| Latin American governments, Cuban American National Foundation, developmental organizations, human rights groups, environmental groups, think tanks, the media |
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| European struggle for power in LA |
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Definition
| began in 16th centuy, nations strengthened themselves by acquiring colonies there. Main Actors were Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Netherlands |
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| Main Actors of European Struggle for Power |
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Definition
| Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Netherlands |
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| Realist theory & Imperialism |
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Definition
| States main actors, conflict was constant, security interests were paramount, balance of power principle led to shifting coalitions |
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Definition
| Spain & portugal divide up region via Treaty of Trodesillas. Protestant countires move in to egion. England gains upper hand, and then North America and Carribean are colonized. England controls the slave trade |
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| LA independence movements |
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Definition
| Emerged in early 1800's. US officially remained neutral, but provided arms & supported rebels |
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| Said that Europe can't colonize any part of the America's anymore. Mostly directed at Russians. Had little immediate effect, but gradually came to power |
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| US intervention in LA in 19th century |
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Definition
| Establishment of spheres of influences. Frequent interference in domestic affairs. Also acquisition and absorption. Manifest destiny |
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Definition
| Louisiana Purchase, Annexation of West Florida, Adams Onis Treaty, Texan Indepednece, treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsen purchase, spanish0american war, panama canal |
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| Moving away from acquiring territory |
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Definition
| Imperialism was expensive, and US increasingly emphasized economic objectives. So US moved to sphere of influence. Continued to intervene but not to acquire territory |
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| Motivation for continuing to intervene |
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Definition
| Protection of economic interests, "Dollar Diplomacy" and to assert geopolitical hegemony |
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Definition
| effort by US to further aims in LA through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. Couined under William Taft |
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| Process of Military intervention by US |
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Definition
| Depose existing rulers with marines. Install a new government, usually handpicked and consisiting of local elites. Supervise new elections. Withdraw some or all of troops. Maintain control of customs houses (control foreign trade, used to help pay back debts.) Encourage US Banks to assume debts of LA countries, so that European countries wouldn't |
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| Said that if a nation upholds its obligation and has social efficiency, US won't intervene. But if they become uncivilized and incompetent, the US will act as world police |
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| First tried to persuade government to help run customs houses. They then used 55% of customs house revenue to pay back debts. Invaded in 1916 b/c of major uprising. After we left, leaders had to ratify acts of the US and put local leaders under armed forces in charge of Dominican goverment |
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Intervention almost constant. Obliged Cuba to have Platt amendment- resolution by Congress giving us rights to intervene in Cuba whenever we saw fit. We did intervene frequently.
In 1905 Roosevelt sent 7000 marines. They left in 1909, were back in 1912, and again between 1917-1922.
US oversaw Cuba and its finances |
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Definition
Had long been seen as potential sight for canal before panama.
1910, US helped overthrown Nicaraguan President and installed two puppet leaders who promised to allow partial US administration of customs house,
Marines sent in 1912 to crush insurrection, and stayed for 20 of next 21 years |
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Definition
Intervened in 1915 in turning away uprising. Marines really ran the show and forced them to sign a treaty giving US power over the customs house
Did some positive things by developing the country somewhat/ Troops withdrawn in 1934, but US financial mission remained until 1935 |
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Definition
US intervened less here, partially because it is a bigger country and harder to conquer.
Tried to control course of events here still. We were concerned about Mexican revolution. At one point tried to convince Francisco Madero (president) to resign by threatening invasion. Also initiated economic sanctions against them. Occupied port of Vera Cruz at one point |
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| Changes in policy in 1920's to 1930's |
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Definition
| Withdrawing troops, reducing military intervention and respecting sovereignty, repudiating the Roosevelt corollary, Settling border disputes and emphasizing economic ties |
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| stated that a country not paying back its debts was no longer sufficient motive for US to intervene |
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| When a political actor is powerful |
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Definition
| To the extent that they affect others more than they affect him/her |
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| Four regions of Latin America, according to Fraser |
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Definition
| Mexico and Central America, Carribean, Andean countries, and south cone |
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| Six Principles of political realism |
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Definition
Politics is government by objective laws that have roots in human nature.
Interest is defined in terms of power.
Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, but whose means can change.
Universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states abstractly.
The moral laws that govern the universe are distinct for the morals of any one individual nation.
Difference b/t realism and other schools is that realism is real and profound. |
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Term
| The development of underdevelopment |
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Definition
| Capitalism generates underdevelopment. Underdeveloped countries have largely been ignored by historians. |
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| Historic forms of Dependence |
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Definition
| Colonial, Financial-Industrial, Tech industrial |
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| Restrictions of exisiting foreign economy |
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| National income is used to buy inputs required for exports, manpower gets exploited (limited consumption), subsistence economy provided for workers consumption |
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| Move towards ethics in foreign policy |
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Definition
| Began with Wilson's 14 point speech, but he fell short. Boldest attempt to make human rights in foreign policy was Nuremberg Trials, but was viewed more as victor's justice than universal morality. Had set back in cold war with Nixon & Kissinger. Carter fought right wing dictators in Argentina and Uraguay and Argentina, but fell short in Iran, Saudi Arabia. Reagan fought against left leaning dicators in Nicaragua and El Salvador, but inconsistent moral application. |
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| Modern Ethics in foreign policy |
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| began with Carter & reagan. WIth decrease in security issues, ethics mire possible. Ex: war with Iraq is fought to free Iraqi people. Humanitarian intervention (invading to stop genocide) is new part of morality. Counterterrorism goes against implementing democracy |
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