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| Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs and found gold. Cortez’s conquest of the Aztecs led Spain to believe other rich civilizations existed in North America and this conquest, together with Cabeza de Vaca’s stories, gave rise to the Coronado and De Soto expeditions |
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| First european to travel to Texas. Excites Spanish imagination with tales of riches. He shipwrecks on Texas coast near Galveston attempting to return to New Spain from Florida. Coastal tribes hostile. Lost in Texas for 8 years. Finally reunites with Spanish at Culiacan. |
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| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado |
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| Sent by Viceroy Mendoza. Searches for the 7 cities of Cibola (Golden City) but turns out it is just a rock pueblo. Says Texas is nothing but “cows and sky.” expedition is a failure. Most important thing is that he survives and returns to Mexico City |
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| Also looking for mythical gold city. in competition with Coronado. Traveled with pigs for food supply along with a lot of disease (AID’s). |
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| Served with de Soto in the conquest of Peru and the Incas. |
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| - Leads occupation of New Mexico. Provided the first opportunity for Texas Indians to acquire horses in significant numbers. Responsible for founding Santa Fe. Also travelled to KS looking for the 7 hills of Aijados and stayed more to Christianize the Indians rather than profit |
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| Corpus Christi de la Isleta, or Ysleta |
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| established in 1682 as the first permanent European settlement in Texas |
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| Robert Cavelier, Sieur de LaSalle |
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| a Frenchman who planned to build a string of posts (for trading purposes) across the Illinois country and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He founded the Louisiana area for France. Because of him, Spain thinks that France is a threat. |
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| King Charles II, “The Bewitched” |
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| ”: King of Spain who died in 1699, called the bewitched because he was crazy (probably from all the incest) (lol) and does not leave an heir. After his death Spain’s gets a French King, which makes Spain more tolerant to French influence. |
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| Founded by Francisco Hidalgo. He eventually retired here. Was a gateway to Spanish Texas. |
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| - Father Hidalgo was an advocate of the East Texas missions. Helped found new missions including San Juan Bautista. Wrote a letter to Cadillac asking for help with missionaries |
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| Antoine de la Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac |
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| French Governor of Louisiana. Cared less about the missionaries but instead wanted to trade with the Spaniards. |
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| Louis Juchereau de St. Denis |
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| Sent by Cadillac to meet Father Hidalgo (after receiving letter from him.) On the way, established trading post, Natchitoches |
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| Caused the abandonment of Spanish missions in East Texas in 1719. Only 7 French soldiers were there to overtake the two Spaniards.(End of 2nd occupation) |
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| Capital of Texas under New Spain from 1729-1770. Included a mission, San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes. |
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| Establishes Los Adaes as new capital of province of Texas. Re-establishes missions in East Texas. (1721?) Brings ranching and livestock. Responsible for keeping TX under Spanish control. Anchors Texas at Los Adaes, La Bahia, & S.A.- Establishes La Bahia on site of Fort St. Louis |
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| (1722) ranching establishment upon site of Fort St. Louis by Aguayo. Turning point of Spanish Texas. |
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| 1754-1763 War between Great Britain and France. Spain gets Louisiana from France - beginning of empresario experiment. GB gets east LA, Anglos move there and want to move to TX. Brought third occupation to an end. |
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| Northern frontier provinces combined to form new administrative unit--Provincias Internas (Interior Provinces) |
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| American War of Independencevinces |
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| Spain declares war on Britain, is ally of French, not Americans. Mainly interested in gaining Florida back, were successful. |
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| Between U.S. and Spain, granted Americans access to Mississippi river. |
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| Forces Spain to give back Louisiana in 1800, wants to rebuild French colonial empire. Also responsible for selling the Louisiana Purchase |
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| Jefferson sends representatives to France in 1803 to buy New Orleans. French offer all of Louisiana at very low price - 15 million dollars. Texas not part of Louisiana, but Jefferson believes it is. |
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| 1806 agreement between Spain and U.S. establishing a no-man’s land between Sabine and Calcasieu rivers, area becomes magnet for outlaws. |
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| Napoleon places his brother, Joseph, on the Spanish throne, causing crisis of legitimacy throughout the Spanish empire. |
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| Spanish King attempting to rule in exile from Cadis, is nicknamed “the desired one.” Mexico faces a choice between allegiance to the exiled Spanish government and independence |
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| Miguel Hidalgo & the Mexican War of Independence |
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o Mexico War of Independence begins on September 16 in village of Dolores. (1810)
o Govt of San Antonio overthrown in Jan by local insurgents supporting Hidalgo
launches uprising in middle of night leading peasant army through the countryside
they couldn’t tell the difference between creoles and peninsulars so the creoles turned against them
o France’s occupation of Spain created a crisis in Spanish America that led to the Mexican War of Independence |
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| Gutierrez-Magee expedition |
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| o led by the followers of Hidalgo, and the US government under Madison supported the effort to get Mexican independence. Part of Mexican Independence Movement Defeated by troops of Interior Province. |
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| Spanish Constitution of 1812 |
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| 1st constitutional monarchy in Spanish history. written by delegates throughout Spain. Replaced absolute monarchy. Based on national rather than royal sovereignty. Abolished in 1814. Restored in 1820. |
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| Gen. Joaquin de Arredondo |
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o was a nineteenth-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule.
o In 1813 he defeated the Republican Army of the North at the Medina River. |
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o Spain gives up Florida in exchange for recognition that Texas is Spanish
o 1819
o “final” boundary between the U.S. and Spanish America but most Americans in the “Old Southwest” did not accept its legitimacy |
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o (October 4, 1761 – June 10, 1821) played a large part in the development of the American lead industry and is the father of Stephen F. Austin, a leading American settler of Texas. After receiving a land grant from the Spanish government in 1820, Moses Austin planned to be the first to establish an English American settlement in Spanish Texas, but died before his dream was realized. His son, Stephen F. Austin, led the colony to a now sovereign Mexico, and in time, the settlers would demand autonomy and win independence from the Mexican ruler Antonio López de Santa Anna thereby establishing the Republic of Texas.
o In 1821 he petitioned to be allowed to settle in Texas.
o In 1798 Moses Austin founds Potosi (in present-day Missouri). Establishes precedent for Anglo-American immigration to TX in 1820s. |
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o was a liar and embezzler who gave Austin permission to settle in Texas to pursue his fortune
o gave a grant to Stephen F. Austin later |
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o Also known as Augustine I of Mexico, was a Mexican army general and politician; during the Mexican War of Independence, he built a successful political and military coalition that took control in Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively gaining independence. After the liberation of Mexico was secured, he was proclaimed President of the Regency in 1821. A year later, he was announced as the Constitutional Emperor of the new nation, reigning as Emperor briefly from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823. He is credited as the original designer of the first Mexican flag.
o In 1821 he was sent to suppress the revolt against Spain joins other side. Mexico declared their INDEPENDENCE from Spain. |
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| by far the most successful empresario, commissioned as a colonel in the MX Army. Some think that he had gone too native/Mexican. Could speak the language. Establishes San Felipe de Austin close to Houston and then gets re-authorization to carry out his father’s land title. |
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| 1st major financial crisis in the U.S. that happened in the Era of Good Feelings. |
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| Mexican Constitution of 1824 |
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| was more of a Federalist Constitution, gave a lot of authority to the states, especially in regard to immigration and disposal of public lands. Gave states control over state militaries. States also have authority to elect the President/VP. Made Texas “Coahuila and Texas”. |
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| Fredonian Rebellion & the Edwards brothers |
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| Anglo-American out in the middle of nowhere on their own, which allows little interaction. Haden and Ben Edwards come to area to establish their grant and found no Tejanos and significant Hispanic population --> thought they were squatters. Then they were told that the grant was cancelled so they tried to establish Republic of Fredonia, but got chased out. |
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| General Manuel Mier y Teran |
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| sent to tour Texas to see if Anglos would pose a threat. He recommended the Law of April 1830 |
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| Mexico declares slavery illegal, indentured labor still legal; BUT it exempts Texas from general emancipation of slaves; shows Mexico’s ambivalence |
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| : issued by Bustamante, closes border between United States and Texas. Unpopular with Anglos and Tejanos. Wanted to keep out people who didn’t bring anything with them and wound up being troublemakers (like Travis). |
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| a naturalized Mexican who wanted to stop ships entering/leaving Tx without paying taxes. Arrests land commissioner for issuing land titles in the town of Liberty.. |
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| : threatens Bradburn because he was holding slaves so he gets arrested |
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| Insurrection of 1832, or the 1st Battle of Anahuac |
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| response to jailing of Travis and Jack without trial, directed against Bradburn |
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| escorts Mexican troops out of East Texas to join uprising against Bustamante |
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| presidio under Col. Ugartechea surrenders to Texans on their way to Anahuac to free Travis & Jack. 5 Mexicans and 10 Anglos killed. |
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| a Federalist and in Santa Anna’s absence starts taking money away from military and church |
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| Anglo Conventions of 1832 and 1833 |
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| met at San Felipe. Main goal was to get the ban on US immigration lifted and get Texas declared as an independent from Mexico. |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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| was a Mexican political leader, general, and eleven-time president who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government. Santa Anna fought first against Mexican independence from Spain, then in support of it. Many Tejanos supported the overthrow of Santa Anna’s government; Few favored Texas independence. Santa Anna’s suspension of the Constitution of 1824 led to the revolt of several Mexican states, including Coahuila and Texas. |
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| governor of the provisional government set up by the Consultation |
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| 1800–1854) was a 19th-century Mexican general. He was married to Lucinda López de Santa Anna, sister of Antonio López de Santa Anna. |
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o viewed by Mexican military as the beginning of revolt time; ensured Mexican Army would come to Texas in large numbers.
o Letter intercepted at San Felipe on June 21 2nd Battle of Anahuac. Travis and 30-50 men march on Anahuac garrison & obtain surrender. |
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| : “first shot” of the war. Mexican troops from San Antonio go to get the canon that was given to the Anglos as protection against Indians. This is where the “come and take it” flag goes up. |
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| : In October-December of 1835, rebellious Texans (who referred to themselves as “Texians”) laid siege to the city of San Antonio de Béxar, the largest Mexican town in Texas. There were some famous names among the besiegers, including Jim Bowie, Stephen F. Austin, Edward Burleson, James Fannin and Francis W. Johnson. After about a month and a half of siege, the Texians attacked in early December and accepted the Mexican surrender on December 9. |
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| first attempt at a government by Anglos, lasted three weeks |
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| established at San Felipe, considered declaring independence but the idea was shot down. Elected Anglo Henry Smith as governor |
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| o was a nineteenth-century American statesman, politician, and soldier. He is best known for his leading role in bringing Texas into the United States. Houston became a key figure in the history of Texas and was elected as the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, U.S. Senator for Texas after it joined the United States, and finally as a governor of the state. He refused to swear loyalty to the Confederacy when Texas seceded from the Union in 1861 with the outbreak of the American Civil War, and was removed from office. To avoid bloodshed, he refused an offer of a Union army to put down the Confederate rebellion. Instead, he retired to Huntsville, Texas, where he died before the end of the Civil War. |
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o was a 19th century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician. He is commonly referred to in popular culture by the epithet "King of the Wild Frontier". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives, served in the Texas Revolution, and died at the Battle of the Alamo.
o February 8, 1836 he arrived in San Antonio. |
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| army was captured outside Goliad by General Urrea after he delayed orders by Houston to fall back to Victoria. |
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o March 16, 1836 he was named the first interim president of the Republic of Texas. Replaced by Sam Houston.
o Defeated by Houston 7508 to 2574 in presidential election of 1841. |
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| First interim vice president of the Republic of Texas. |
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| Location of the Convention of 1836 and the signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836. |
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| Defeat of Santa Anna by the Texan forces under Sam Houston. Only lasted 18 minutes. Texan forces attacked when the Spanish were taking a nap. Santa Anna is captured wearing a common soldier’s uniform and discovered later because his own men betrayed him, calling him El Presidente |
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| Battle in San Antonio. Texas forces including William Travis, James Bowie and Davy Crockett were able to keep Santa Anna and his troops there for 13 days, allowing the rest of the Texas forces to eventually rally in San Jacinto. Many Mexicans died because Santa Anna did not wait for his heavy artillery, which couldn’t keep up with the bulk of his army. |
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| Established the Rio Grande as the Southern and Western boundary of the Republic of Texas |
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| Second President of the Texas Republic after interim David Burnet and first President Sam Houston. While President he made many efforts to drive out the Indians from Texas. “Father of Texas Education” setting aside land for schools. |
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| Lamar wanted Cherokees out of East Texas so he launches attack along Neches River. This upset Sam Houston since he was an adopted Cherokee, and all the Indians wanted was security in their land. |
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| Lamar believed that Santa Fe was a part of Texas so he thought they should go there. “Pioneers” marched to Santa Fe and got lost and arrested. |
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| Mexican Incursions of 1842 |
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| Mexico’s 2nd attempt to invade Texas, partly due to the Santa Fe expedition led by Texans and the actions of the Texan Navy. Took San Antonio on March 5 and withdrew 2 days later with 100 prisoners. mexican general adrian woll took San Antonio for 2nd time in september but was driven out by Hays forces |
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| Whig Party & Democratic Party |
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| Texas annexation issue: Whigs voted no, Democrats voted yes. |
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| American President (by default) that opens negotiations for annexation in October 1843. Signed a treaty to make Texas a territory in April 1844 but it was rejected by senate. |
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| (January 20, 1798 – January 9, 1858) was a doctor, businessman, congressman, and the fifth and last President of the Republic of Texas, sometimes called the "Architect of Annexation". In September 1844 Anson Jones elected President over Burleson. |
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| November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was the surprise (dark horse) candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. |
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| : (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) was a lawyer, politician and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and in the House of Representatives. He served three different terms as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. He lost his campaigns for president in 1824, 1832 and 1844 (to James Polk). |
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| Jackson’s VP and in 1836 candidate for president, did not want to agitate slavery issue during his campaign, annexation would have to wait |
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| Annexation Treaty of 1844 |
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| In 1843, President John Tyler came out in support of annexation, entering negotiations with the Republic of Texas for an annexation treaty, which he submitted to the Senate. On June 8, 1844, the treaty was defeated 16 to 35, well below the two-thirds majority necessary for ratification. Of the 29 Whig senators, 28 voted against the treaty with only one Whig, a southerner, supporting it. The Democratic senators were more divided on the issue with six northern Democrats and one southern Democrat opposing the treaty and five northern Democrats and ten southern Democrats supporting it. |
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| Annexation Resolution of 1845 |
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| Congress passed joint resolution providing for annexation. 27-25 in Senate; 120-98 in House. Mexico Ambassador to US breaks relations over this joint resolution annexing Texas, but Mexico does not declare war. |
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