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| is the branch of biology concerned with heredity, the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring |
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| each characteristic of an organism, such as cell structure or shape |
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| a large organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
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| a molecule of DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder |
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| The nucleotides in each pair A-T C-G |
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| before a cell divides, its DNA makes a copy of itself the process is called ___ |
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| are structures that contain the genetic information that is passed down from one generation to the next |
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| A trait is determined by one or more small sections of a chromosome |
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| Copies this information and transport it to the ribosomes, where proteins are made (ribonucleic acid ) |
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| is the complete process by which cells make proteins |
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| uses DNA as a template,or pattern ,to make a complementary strand of RNA |
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| a group of three consecutive nitrogenous bases that either codes for a specific amino acid or marks the end of a protein |
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| the conversion of the information in the mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make up specified protein |
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| a set of three nitrogenous bases on a tRNA molecule with bases that are complementary to a codon on an mRNA molecule |
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| RNA that makes up part of the structure of a ribosome and assists in translation |
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| the process by which the information carries genes is used to make proteins or direct other cell activities |
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| the different forms of the gene for a specific trait |
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| the allele that is expressed when an organism an organism has two different alleles for a trait |
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| alleles that are expressed only when no dominant alleles are present |
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| an organism that has two dominant or two recessive alleles for a trait |
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| if two has different alleles for a trait |
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| includes the alleles that are not expressed as well as those that are |
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| the set of traits that the organism displays |
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| states that when an organism produces gametes, its two alleles for a trait separate and go into different gametes |
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| law of independent assortment |
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| when different traits are inherited separately |
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| the result is a blend of the two forms of the trait |
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| a condition in which both alleles are expressed in the same organism |
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| a trait that is controlled by two or more genes |
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| traits that are determined by alleles located on the sex chromosomes |
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| a visual display of an indiviual's chromosomes, which are pared and numbered |
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| when cells from two parents join to form a new individual |
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| body cells that divide by two |
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| a type of cell division in which the cell nucleus divides in two |
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| differences in traits among the members of a species or population |
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| the number of chromosomes in a gamete |
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| the process in which a sperm from the male parent and an egg from the female parent |
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| the number of of chromosomes in each somatic cell |
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| Are paired chromosomes that have matching genes but have may have different alleles. |
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| a process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half |
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| a process in which segments of homologous chromosomes break off and are exchanged. |
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| After crossing- over, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell in a random fashion called ____ _____ |
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| is the production of offspring by a single parent |
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| A Change in a gene of the offspring |
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| is any agent that changes the DNA of an organism |
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| is a mutation in which one nucleotide base replaces another |
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| is the addition of one or more bases into a nucleotide sequence |
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| removes one or more bases from a nucleotide sequence |
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| is a chromosomal mutation that produces an offspring with an incorrect number of chromosomes. |
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| is a chromosome other than a sex chromosome |
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| is a chromosome other than a sex chromosome |
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a mutation in a gamete is called a
_____ |
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| traits that are carried on the autosomes |
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| a disease that is transmitted in the genes an organism inherits from its parents |
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| a chart, or family tree, that traces the inheritance of a trait |
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| a possible answer to a scientific question is based on research |
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| compares images of DNA molecules to determine relationships among individuals |
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| a method of separating DNA fragments by passing an electric current through a gel |
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| the manipulation of living organisms or their parts to produce useful products |
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| the transfer of genes or pieces of DNA from one organism to another |
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| often formed by transferring DNA from a complex organism into a simpler organism |
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| DNA in a bacterial cell is in the form of a ring |
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| the artificial production of a DNA fragment, cell, or organism that is genetically identical to the original DNA, cell, or organism |
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